Abstract: A method for monitoring the state of a qubit device comprising a chiral nanocrystal includes measuring a voltage, a current, or a magnetic field of the nanocrystal; assigning the nanocrystal a superposition state if the measured voltage, current, or magnetic field is less than a superposition threshold; and assigning a base state value of the nanocrystal if the measured voltage is greater than a base state threshold. The measured voltage, current, or magnetic field corresponds to a clockwise or counter clockwise flow of electrons around the nanocrystal.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method and apparatus for amending a food product, comprising the steps of: (1) receiving into a second geographic zone the food product from a first geographic zone, where packaging greater than five milligrams per serving of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the food product is illegal in the first geographic zone and legal in the second geographic zone; (2) forming a composition of the tetrahydrocannabinol comprising a viscosity of less than 2,000 mPa sec; and (3) injecting the food product with the composition of the tetrahydrocannabinol to form an amended food product, where the composition preferably comprises an emulsion of tetrahydrocannabinol, an emulsifier, and water with a mean particle size of less than 1000 nm and a viscosity of less than 100 mPa sec.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the state of a qubit device comprising a chiral nanocrystal includes measuring a voltage, a current, or a magnetic field of the nanocrystal; assigning the nanocrystal a superposition state if the measured voltage, current, or magnetic field is less than a superposition threshold; and assigning a base state value of the nanocrystal if the measured voltage is greater than a base state threshold. The measured voltage, current, or magnetic field corresponds to a clockwise or counter clockwise flow of electrons around the nanocrystal.

Abstract: A qubit device includes a crystal immobilized on a substrate and in contact with electrodes. The crystal exhibits a charge pair symmetry and with an electron current moving clockwise, counter clockwise, or both. The current in can be placed in a state of superposition wherein the current is unknown until it is measured, and the direction of the current is measured to produce a binary output corresponding to a logical zero or a logical one. A state of the qubit device is monitored by measuring a voltage, a current, or a magnetic field and assigning a superposition or base state depending on a threshold value.

Abstract: A qubit device includes a crystal immobilized on a substrate and in contact with electrodes. The crystal exhibits a charge pair symmetry and with an electron current moving clockwise, counter clockwise, or both. The current in can be placed in a state of superposition wherein the current is unknown until it is measured, and the direction of the current is measured to produce a binary output corresponding to a logical zero or a logical one. A state of the qubit device is monitored by measuring a voltage, a current, or a magnetic field and assigning a superposition or base state depending on a threshold value.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method and apparatus for amending a food product, comprising the steps of: (1) receiving into a second geographic zone the food product from a first geographic zone, where packaging greater than five milligrams per serving of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the food product is illegal in the first geographic zone and legal in the second geographic zone; (2) forming a composition of the tetrahydrocannabinol comprising a viscosity of less than 2,000 mPa sec; and (3) injecting the food product with the composition of the tetrahydrocannabinol to form an amended food product, where the composition preferably comprises an emulsion of tetrahydrocannabinol, an emulsifier, and water with a mean particle size of less than 1000 nm and a viscosity of less than 100 mPa sec.

Abstract: The invention comprises an apparatus and a method for amending an incomplete product and/or a product to form an amended product, such as by receiving the original product in a first pressurized container, breaking a pressure seal of the first pressurized container, adding tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to the first pressurized container, and resealing the first pressurized container, such as where optionally a portion of the amendment process is at a second physical location separated from a first location by a state line and/or a legislative boundary.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method and apparatus for amending a food product, comprising the steps of: (1) forming a nootropic emulsion comprising a nootropic, an emulsifier, and water, the nootropic including at least one of: Psilocybe, Cubensis; and Panaeolus (Copelandia); (2) subjecting the nootropic emulsion to shear forces exceeding 50,000 sec?1 in a high pressure emulsifier; and (3) amending the food product with the nootropic emulsion to form a nootropic amended food product with the optional step of receiving the food product from a first state of the United States of America where at least one nootropic component and/or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the nootropic emulsion is illegal in food, the step of amending adding the nootropic and/or the THC to the food product being legal in a second state where the at least one nootropic component and/or the THC is added to the food product.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method for generating a THC amended food product from a commercially available original food product, the method including the steps of: (1) receiving the original food product into a THC licensed manufacturing facility from a legal zone where THC in the original food product is illegal; (2) exposing THC, water, and an emulsifier to shear forces exceeding 50,000 sec?1 to generate a THC emulsion; and (3) adding, in the THC licensed manufacturing facility, the THC emulsion to the original food product to form a THC amended product.

Abstract: The invention comprises an apparatus and a method for amending a food product, comprising the steps of: (1) receiving into a second geographic zone the food product from a first geographic zone, where packaging greater than five milligrams per serving of tetrahydrocannabinol in the food product is: (a) illegal in the first geographic zone and (b) legal in the second geographic zone; (2) forming a composition of the tetrahydrocannabinol comprising a viscosity of less than 2,000 mPa·sec; (3) injecting the food product with the composition of tetrahydrocannabinol to form an amended food product; and optionally (4) forming an emulsion of the tetrahydrocannabinol, an emulsifier, and water, the emulsion comprising, excluding particle sizes of less than 20 nm, a mean particle size of less than 1000 nm and a viscosity of less than 100 mPa·sec.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method and apparatus for amending a food product, comprising the steps of: receiving into a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) licensed facility the food product from a geographic area outside of the THC licensed facility; subjecting a THC emulsion to shear forces exceeding 250,000 sec?1 in a high pressure emulsifier positioned inside the THC licensed facility; and spraying, with a sprayer, the THC emulsion onto the food product to form a THC amended food product.

Abstract: A constant volume combustion chamber, combustor, and method for constant volume combustion involve combusting a fuel in a chamber sealed by a pintle having a conical portion fitted into a conical nozzle throat and pulling the pintle away from the nozzle throat to allow combustion products to exhaust through a nozzle outlet. The shapes and surfaces of the pintle and nozzle throat provide for sealing the chamber at high pressures while resisting surface wear. Operational parameters for the combustor may be computer controlled in response to measured pressures and temperatures in the combustor.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing algae are described in which a hydrophilic ionic liquid is used to lyse algae cells at lower temperatures than existing algae processing methods. A salt or salt solution is used as a separation agent and to remove water from the ionic liquid, allowing the ionic liquid to be reused. The used salt may be dried or concentrated and reused. The relatively low lysis temperatures and recycling of the ionic liquid and salt reduce the environmental impact of the algae processing while providing biofuels and other useful products.

Abstract: A constant volume combustion chamber, combustor, and method for constant volume combustion involve combusting a fuel in a chamber sealed by a pintle having a conical portion fitted into a conical nozzle throat and pulling the pintle away from the nozzle throat to allow combustion products to exhaust through a nozzle outlet. The shapes and surfaces of the pintle and nozzle throat provide for sealing the chamber at high pressures while resisting surface wear. Operational parameters for the combustor may be computer controlled in response to measured pressures and temperatures in the combustor.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing algae are described in which a hydrophilic ionic liquid is used to lyse algae cells. The lysate separates into at least two layers including a lipid-containing hydrophobic layer and an ionic liquid-containing hydrophilic layer. A salt or salt solution may be used to remove water from the ionic liquid-containing layer before the ionic liquid is reused. The used salt may also be dried and/or concentrated and reused. The method can operate at relatively low lysis, processing, and recycling temperatures, which minimizes the environmental impact of algae processing while providing reusable biofuels and other useful products.

Abstract: A probabilistic data signal processor used to determine health of a system is described. Initial probability distribution functions are input to a dynamic state-space model, which iteratively operates on probability distribution functions, such as state and model probability distribution functions, to generate a prior probability distribution function, which is input to a probabilistic updater. The probabilistic updater integrates sensor data with the prior to generate a posterior probability distribution function passed to a probabilistic sampler, which estimates one or more parameters using the posterior, which is output or re-sampled and used as an input to the dynamic state-space model in the iterative algorithm. In various embodiments, the probabilistic data signal processor is used to filter output from any mechanical device using appropriate physical models, which optionally include chemical, electrical, optical, mechanical, or fluid based models.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing algae are described in which a hydrophilic ionic liquid is used to lyse algae cells. The lysate separates into at least two layers including a lipid-containing hydrophobic layer and an ionic liquid-containing hydrophilic layer. A salt or salt solution may be used to remove water from the ionic liquid-containing layer before the ionic liquid is reused. The used salt may also be dried and/or concentrated and reused. The method can operate at relatively low lysis, processing, and recycling temperatures, which minimizes the environmental impact of algae processing while providing reusable biofuels and other useful products.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing algae are described in which a hydrophilic ionic liquid is used to lyse algae cells at lower temperatures than existing algae processing methods. A salt or salt solution is used as a separation agent and to remove water from the ionic liquid, allowing the ionic liquid to be reused. The used salt may be dried or concentrated and reused. The relatively low lysis temperatures and recycling of the ionic liquid and salt reduce the environmental impact of the algae processing while providing biofuels and other useful products.

Abstract: A sensor and method sense and quantify microorganisms and other biological materials. The sensor and method use high device temperatures to pyrolize and/or thermolyze biological materials, then gas-phase voltammetry is used to analyze the pyrolysis or thermolysis products to detect and identify the source biological material. The sensor and method are capable of differentiating between biological agents, such as pollen, bacteria, fungi, and their spores and the state of an organism such as living, diseased, or non-living. The sensor and method may operate at temperatures sufficient to be self-cleaning and self-decontaminating or at non-elevated temperatures to detect and identify combinations of volatile metabolites to detect and identify their biological sources.