Abstract: Provided herein is technology relating to calorimetry and particularly, but not exclusively, to apparatuses, methods, and systems for making high-resolution thermodynamic measurements of reactions between gas phase reactants and nanomaterials. For example, the technology can provide thermodynamic measurements with a high heat flow resolution and long term stability at a wide range of temperatures and reaction pressures. The technology is used, for example, to study the thermodynamics of surface reactions and phase transformations in nanomaterials.

Abstract: Methods are provided for controlling a vehicle engine to improve engine efficiency utilizing onboard water condensate. In one example, condensate is collected from cooling air routed into an engine, and injected into one of a plurality of locations based on engine operating conditions to keep NOx in combustion gases below desired amounts and to avoid ignition knock in said engine. In this way, condensate build-up in the CAC is advantageously utilized, engine performance and efficiency may be improved, and harmful emissions may be reduced.

Abstract: Methods are provided for controlling a vehicle engine to improve engine efficiency utilizing onboard water condensate. In one example, condensate is collected from cooling air routed into an engine, and injected into one of a plurality of locations based on engine operating conditions to keep NOx in combustion gases below desired amounts and to avoid ignition knock in said engine. In this way, condensate build-up in the CAC is advantageously utilized, engine performance and efficiency may be improved, and harmful emissions may be reduced.