Abstract: Snapshot spectral imagers comprise an imaging lens, a dispersed image sensor and a restricted isometry property (RIP) diffuser inserted in the optical path between the source image and the image sensor. The imagers are used to obtain a plurality of spectral images of the source object in different spectral bands in a single shot. In some embodiments, the RIP diffuser is one dimensional. An optional disperser may be added in the optical path, to provide further dispersion at the image sensor. In some embodiments, all imager components except the RIP diffuser may be part of a digital camera, with the RIP diffuser added externally. In some embodiments, the RIP diffuser may be included internally in a digital camera.

Abstract: Monochromatic cameras and methods for using such cameras to obtain a still or video color image of an object or scene. The image sensor of such cameras is clear, without a color filter array. A diffused-dispersed and optionally randomized image of the object or scene obtained at the image sensor is processed directly into a number R<K of spectral images in R wavebands. K?R spectral images are interpolated from the R spectral images. A color image is then reconstructed using the directly processed R spectral images and the K?R interpolated spectral images. The interpolated images may exemplarily be obtained using a spline subdivision algorithm.

Abstract: A method for classification of a newly arrived multidimensional data point (MDP) in a dynamic data uses multi-scale extension (MSE). The multi-scale out-of-sample extension (OOSE) uses a coarse-to-fine hierarchy of the multi-scale decomposition of a Gaussian kernel that established the distances between MDPs in a training set to find the coordinates of newly arrived MDPs in an embedded space. A well-conditioned basis is first generated in a source matrix of MDPs. A single-scale out-of-sample extension (OOSE) is applied to the newly arrived MDP on the well-conditioned basis to provide coordinates of an approximate location of the newly arrived MDP in an embedded space. A multi-scale OOSE is then applied to the newly arrived MDP to provide improved coordinates of the newly arrived MDP location in the embedded space.

Abstract: Snapshot spectral imagers comprise an imaging lens, a dispersed image sensor and a restricted isometry property (RIP) diffuser inserted in the optical path between the source image and the image sensor. The imagers are used to obtain a plurality of spectral images of the source object in different spectral bands in a single shot. In some embodiments, the RIP diffuser is one dimensional. An optional disperser may be added in the optical path, to provide further dispersion at the image sensor. In some embodiments, all imager components except the RIP diffuser may be part of a digital camera, with the RIP diffuser added externally. In some embodiments, the RIP diffuser may be included internally in a digital camera.

Abstract: Snapshot spectral imagers comprise an imaging lens, a dispersed image sensor and a restricted isometry property (RIP) diffuser inserted in the optical path between the source image and the image sensor. The imagers are used to obtain a plurality of spectral images of the source object in different spectral bands in a single shot. In some embodiments, the RIP diffuser is one dimensional. An optional disperser may be added in the optical path, to provide further dispersion at the image sensor. In some embodiments, all imager components except the RIP diffuser may be part of a digital camera, with the RIP diffuser added externally. In some embodiments, the RIP diffuser may be included internally in a digital camera.

Abstract: A method for classification of a newly arrived multidimensional data point (MDP) in a dynamic data uses multi-scale extension (MSE). The multi-scale out-of-sample extension (OOSE) uses a coarse-to-fine hierarchy of the multi-scale decomposition of a Gaussian kernel that established the distances between MDPs in a training set to find the coordinates of newly arrived MDPs in an embedded space. A well-conditioned basis is first generated in a source matrix of MDPs. A single-scale out-of-sample extension (OOSE) is applied to the newly arrived MDP on the well-conditioned basis to provide coordinates of an approximate location of the newly arrived MDP in an embedded space. A multi-scale OOSE is then applied to the newly arrived MDP to provide improved coordinates of the newly arrived MDP location in the embedded space.

Abstract: Snapshot spectral imagers comprise an imaging lens, a dispersed image sensor and a restricted isometry property (RIP) diffuser inserted in the optical path between the source image and the image sensor. The imagers are used to obtain a plurality of spectral images of the source object in different spectral bands in a single shot. In some embodiments, the RIP diffuser is one dimensional. An optional disperser may be added in the optical path, to provide further dispersion at the image sensor. In some embodiments, all imager components except the RIP diffuser may be part of a digital camera, with the RIP diffuser added externally. In some embodiments, the RIP diffuser may be included internally in a digital camera.

Abstract: Methods for compression of two-dimensional data arrays which are piece-wise smooth in one direction and have oscillating events in the other direction. In one embodiment, a wavelet transform is applied in the piece-wise smooth direction and a local cosine transform (LCT) is applied in the direction with oscillatory events, both producing respective transform coefficients. The LCT coefficients are reordered to mimic a wavelet transform coefficient order, and both wavelet transform and reordered LCT coefficients are quantized and entropy coded to obtain a compressed 2D image. In some embodiments with oscillatory events in both directions, a LCT is applied in both directions and all the LCT coefficients in each direction are reordered before the quantization and entropy coding.

Abstract: A method for hierarchical clustering comprises multi-level partitioning of data points into non-overlapping LDFs and formation of sets of such LDFs, wherein original data points may reside in different LDFs. The sets of LDFs are then hierarchically processed into sets of super-LDFs, which are further processed up the hierarchy. In some embodiments, the further processing ends with the construction of a single super-LDF at the root of the hierarchy. The partitioning of the data points and the hierarchical processing of the sets of LDFs and super-LDFs uses respective local affinity matrices.

Abstract: A method for detecting a SQL injection attack comprises a training phase and a detection phase. In the training phase, a plurality of SQL queries is transformed into a respective plurality of SQL token domain queries which are processed using a n-gram analysis to provide a threshold and an averaging vector. In the detection phase, each newly arrived SQL query is transformed into a new SQL token domain query, and the n-gram analysis is applied together with the averaging vector and the threshold to each new SQL token domain query to determine if the new SQL query is normal or abnormal. The detection may be online or offline.

Abstract: Digital cameras for spectrally imaging an object or scene comprise an imaging component, a fixed one-dimensional disperser and an image sensor having sensor pixels, the disperser and image sensor arranged with matching optical parameters and in a predetermined spatial relationship. Each sensor pixel detects multiplexed spectral information from at least two adjacent object points and the spectral information detected by each sensor pixel is demultiplexed and processed into spectral-spatial data to provide spectral images.

Abstract: Methods for compression of two-dimensional data arrays which are piece-wise smooth in one direction and have oscillating events in the other direction. In one embodiment, a wavelet transform is applied in the piece-wise smooth direction and a local cosine transform (LCT) is applied in the direction with oscillatory events, both producing respective transform coefficients. The LCT coefficients are reordered to mimic a wavelet transform coefficient order, and both wavelet transform and reordered LCT coefficients are quantized and entropy coded to obtain a compressed 2D image. In some embodiments with oscillatory events in both directions, a LCT is applied in both directions and all the LCT coefficients in each direction are reordered before the quantization and entropy coding.

Abstract: Digital cameras for spectrally imaging an object or scene comprise an imaging component, a fixed one-dimensional disperser and an image sensor having sensor pixels, the disperser and image sensor arranged with matching optical parameters and in a predetermined spatial relationship. Each sensor pixel detects multiplexed spectral information from at least two adjacent object points and the spectral information detected by each sensor pixel is demultiplexed and processed into spectral-spatial data to provide spectral images.

Abstract: Methods for efficiently obtaining answers to queries in a database (DB) environment include forming tree automata (TA), processing semi-structured data using the TA to provide indexed data, pruning the indexed data to obtain pruned data and performing a join operation to join either the pruned data or the semi-structured data to provide the answers. The queries relate to data stored as semi-structured data. In some embodiments, the TA is unordered.

Abstract: To transmit data, a set of at least 2m n×n matrices that represent an extension of a fixed-point-free group is provided. To each of 2m of the matrices is allocated one of the binary numbers from 0 to 2m?1. The data are mapped into the matrices according to the allocation. The mapped matrices are transmitted, preferably using n antennas, one antenna per row of each matrix.

Abstract: To answer one or more queries of semistructured data, an answer automaton is constructed, based at least in part on the queries and on a schema of the data. The answer automaton is applied to the data to answer the queries. Preferably, to construct the answer automaton, a schema automaton is constructed for the schema, a query automaton is constructed for the queries, and the schema automaton and the query automaton are merged. If there are more than one query, separate query automata are constructed for the different queries and then are united to provide a joint query automaton. Preferably, all the automata are deterministic finite automata. Most preferably, all the automata are isostate automata.

Abstract: To transmit data, a set of at least 2m n×n matrices that represent an extension of a fixed-point-free group is provided. To each of 2m of the matrices is allocated one of the binary numbers from 0 to 2m?1. The data are mapped into the matrices according to the allocation. The mapped matrices are transmitted, preferably using n antennas, one antenna per row of each matrix.

Abstract: A method for illumination-independent change detection in a pair of original registered gray images based on blob extraction. Blobs are extracted from the two original images and their negatives, using an enhanced blob extraction algorithm based on connectivity analysis along gray-levels. Blobs extracted from the first original and negative images are compared with blobs extracted from the second original and negative images to determine whether each blob has a corresponding blob, i.e. whether it is a matched or unmatched blob. All unmatched blobs are tested for significance as “blobs of change” using a fitness measure based on either a ratio of saliency gradients, or a product of this ratio and a gradient distribution measure.

Abstract: A method for automatic, stable and robust object extraction of moving objects in color video frames, achieved without any prior knowledge of the video content. For high rate video, the method includes providing at least a first and a second high frame rate video frames, performing a reciprocal illumination correction of the first and second video frames to yield respective first and second smoothed frames, performing a change detection operation between the first and second smoothed frames to obtain a difference image, and performing a local adaptive thresholding operation on the difference image to generate a binary image containing extracted objects, the local thresholding operation using a weight test to determine a boundary of each of the extracted objects. For an extracted object with a fragmented boundary, the method further comprises re-unifying the boundary.

Abstract: A method for illumination-independent change detection in a pair of original registered gray images based on blob extraction. Blobs are extracted from the two original images and their negatives, using an enhanced blob extraction algorithm based on connectivity analysis along gray-levels. Blobs extracted from the first original and negative images are compared with blobs extracted from the second original and negative images to determine whether each blob has a corresponding blob, i.e. whether it is a matched or unmatched blob. All unmatched blobs are tested for significance as “blobs of change” using a fitness measure based on either a ratio of saliency gradients, or a product of this ratio and a gradient distribution measure.