Abstract: Method, computer program products and apparatuses for preconditional implementation swaps between quantum functions in order to improving a target optimization metric when executing the modified quantum circuit. A quantum circuit comprising a quantum function configured to receive input qubits and perform a manipulation thereon is obtained with input conditions on at least a portion of the input qubits, that are guaranteed to be met when the quantum function is utilized by the quantum circuit. A set of equivalent quantum functions that are equivalent to the quantum function under the input conditions is determined, such as using an equivalences graph representing equivalent functions under various input conditions. An optimized quantum function is selected from the set based on a target optimization metric. A modified improved quantum circuit is generated by replacing the quantum function with the optimized quantum function.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer product for constructing a multitree data structure, comprising: obtaining Pauli-terms that are associated with qubits, each Pauli-term defines at least one active qubit, the Pauli-terms are ordered according to a defined order; generating an auxiliary graph that represents the Pauli-terms, the auxiliary graph comprising graph nodes that represent the Pauli-terms, the graph nodes are ordered consecutively according to the defined order, an interface between first and second consecutive graph nodes represents a set of active qubits that is active in first and second Pauli-terms, the first and second Pauli-terms are represented by the first and second consecutive graph nodes; and generating the multitree data structure based on the auxiliary graph.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer product comprising: obtaining a multitree data structure that represents a plurality of ordered Pauli-terms, the plurality of ordered Pauli-terms representing an exponentiation module, wherein implementing a Pauli-term in a quantum circuit requires to implement a basis change stage and a parity summation stage, the multitree data structure comprises root nodes representing the plurality of Pauli-terms, leaf nodes representing qubits, and a non-leaf node; converting the multitree data structure to an ordered binary multitree that comprises an additional node; and synthesizing the quantum circuit based on the ordered binary multitree, whereby the quantum circuit comprises an implementation of the parity summation stage and an implementation of the basis change stage, whereby the quantum circuit implements at least one cancellation of a given CX gate of the parity summation stage.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer product for scheduling Pauli-terms by selecting an order for the Pauli-terms, comprising: obtaining first and second ordered sets of Pauli-terms; obtaining first and second multitree data structures representing the first and second ordered sets, respectively; and determining whether or not the first and second ordered sets should be concatenated by: generating a third multitree data structure that represents all Pauli-terms of the first and second ordered sets; calculating a difference between a resource utilization score of the third multitree data structure and between resource utilization scores of the first and second multitree data structures; and based on the difference, determining whether or not the first and second ordered sets should be concatenated.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and product comprising: obtaining a Directed Cycle Graph (DAG) representation of a quantum program, the DAG representation comprises at least one non-executable node that represents a functionality in a high-level representation; generating a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) model of the DAG representation; generating a partial DAG representation of the quantum program based on the DAG representation, the partial DAG representation comprising at least a first executable node and a second non-executable node, said generating comprising selecting the first executable node and the second non-executable node as implementations of the at least one non-executable node; and synthesizing the quantum program based on the partial DAG representation.

Abstract: A method, a computerized apparatus, and a computer program product for automatic quantum circuit control skips. The method comprises obtaining a controlled sequence of quantum operations defining a complete order with at least two computation-uncomputation pairs of operations separated by a sub-sequence of one or more quantum operations. Computation-uncomputation pairs to be reduced are selected based on an optimization of a score of the reduced control sequence in comparison to a score of an alternative reduced control sequence in which the pairs are not reduced, in accordance with a score of each operation in a respective quantum circuit control. A reduced control sequence with a reduced number of controls is obtained by excluding a selected computation-uncomputation pairs of operations.

Abstract: A method, system and product comprising: obtaining a gate-level representation of a quantum circuit, wherein the gate-level representation comprises a set of quantum gates defining operations on a set of qubits, wherein the gate-level representation comprises a gate-level implementation of a functional block of a functional-level representation of the quantum circuit, wherein the functional block defines an operation of the quantum circuit over at least two cycles; obtaining metadata from a functional-level processing component, wherein the metadata comprise an artifact associated with the gate-level implementation of the functional block; and compiling the gate-level representation of the quantum circuit, wherein said compiling is performed based on the metadata.

Abstract: A method, system and product comprising: obtaining a functional-level representation of a quantum circuit that comprises a functional block; obtaining an indication of one or more resources that are available to the functional block, the indication regarding a range of cycles and an indication regarding a number of qubits; dynamically generating a gate-level implementation of the functional block that adheres to the indication of the one or more resources; and synthesizing a gate-level implementation of the quantum circuit, wherein the gate-level implementation of the quantum circuit comprises the gate-level implementation of the functional block.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and product comprising: obtaining a logical representation of a quantum circuit, wherein the logical representation comprises a plurality of logical qubits manipulated by a plurality of logical gates; and generating a physical representation of the quantum circuit, the physical representation is configured to allocate a set of physical qubits of a quantum computer to the plurality of logical qubits in order to implement error correction operations The generating includes selecting a first quantity of physical qubits from the set of physical qubits for a first separate section of the quantum circuit; selecting a second quantity of physical qubits from the set of physical qubits for a second separate section of the quantum circuit, and synthesizing the quantum circuit using the first and second quantities for the first and second separate sections.

Abstract: A method, system and product comprising: obtaining a functional-level representation of a quantum circuit that comprises a functional block, wherein the functional block defines an operation of the quantum circuit over at least two cycles; selecting from a function library an implementation for the functional block, wherein the function library comprises a plurality of alternative implementations of the functional block, wherein each implementation of the plurality of alternative implementations is configured to provide a same functionality of the functional block and is applicable to a quantum computer to be used for executing the quantum circuit; and generating a gate-level representation of the quantum circuit that comprises the implementation for the functional block.

Abstract: A method, system, and product, the method including obtaining quantum state data from a simulation of a portion of a quantum circuit. The portion of the quantum circuit is configured to prepare input values on input qubits of the quantum circuit. The portion of the quantum circuit is configured to produce an output value based on a manipulation of the input qubits when having the input values, with the quantum state data including the input values and the output value. The method further includes, based on the quantum state data, determining a modification of the quantum circuit. Based on the determining of the modification of the quantum circuit, the method generates a modified quantum circuit that is configured to produce the output value. The method then includes executing the modified quantum circuit on a quantum computer.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and product comprising: generating, by a first software compiler, an intermediate-level data structure based on a quantum program, the intermediate-level data structure is a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) that is a non-executable representation of the quantum program; initiating a first execution of the quantum program at the quantum execution platform by: obtaining, at a second software compiler, first real-time constraints on an availability of resources of the quantum execution platform for the first execution; generating, based on the first real-time constraints, a first quantum circuit that implements the DAG; and providing the first quantum circuit to the quantum execution platform to be executed thereon; and initiating a second execution of the quantum program at the quantum execution platform by: obtaining second real-time constraints on an availability of resources; generating a second quantum circuit; and providing the second quantum circuit to the quantum execution platform.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and product comprising: computing, using a classical computer, a modified quantum state based on an application of a transformation on an initial quantum state, the initial quantum state is associated with one or more qubits, a quantum circuit comprising the one or more qubits, and an original sub-circuit that is configured to set the initial quantum state on the one or more qubits; and generating a modified quantum circuit that comprises a modified sub-circuit, the modified sub-circuit is configured to set the modified quantum state on the one or more qubits of the modified quantum circuit during one or more cycles of the modified quantum circuit, wherein the modified sub-circuit is configured to apply an inverse transformation on the modified quantum state of the one or more qubits at one or more subsequent cycles.

Abstract: Method, apparatus and product for modeling of quantum circuits and usages thereof. A method comprises obtaining a model of a quantum circuit that comprises a set of decision variables, corresponding domains, and constraints, wherein the set of decision variables comprise gate assignment decision variables that define an assignment of a gate to a qubit in a cycle in the quantum circuit. The method comprises automatically determining a set of valuations for the set of decision variables. The set of valuations are selected from the corresponding domains and satisfy the constraints. Based on the set of valuations the quantum circuit is synthesized.

Abstract: A method, system and product relating to quantum computing. The method comprises using a quantum computer to execute a quantum program a plurality of times, wherein during each execution of the quantum program: reaching an intermediate state, wherein the intermediate state is obtained prior to reaching the terminating cycle of the quantum program; and performing a measurement of a qubit at the intermediate state, whereby obtaining a plurality of measurements of the qubit at the intermediate state in a plurality of executions of the quantum program. The method further comprises determining a value of the qubit at the intermediate state based on the plurality of measurements obtained of the qubit at the intermediate state.

Abstract: A method, system, and product for performance analysis of quantum programs. A quantum program comprises plurality of code artifacts and is compilable into a quantum circuit. A representation of the quantum circuit that implements the quantum program is obtained. The quantum circuit manipulates a plurality of qubits over a plurality of cycles using a plurality of quantum gates. The representation of the quantum circuit includes circuit components. A performance measurement of a code artifact of the quantum program is automatically computed based on one or more circuit components that are mapped to the code artifact by a component to code mapping. The component to code mapping maps circuit components of the representation to the quantum circuit to respective code artifacts of the quantum program.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and product includes obtaining a logical representation of a quantum circuit; modifying the quantum circuit to transfer a gate operation defined in a first cycle to be performed in a second cycle, thereby obtaining a modified quantum circuit, wherein said modifying does not change a functionality of the quantum circuit, and synthesizing the modified quantum circuit using a dynamic error correction scheme. The dynamic error correction scheme implements error correction operations using a first assignment of first physical qubits to a logical qubit for a first set of cycles and using a second assignment of second physical qubits to the logical qubit for a second set of cycles, wherein the first set of cycles comprises the first cycle, and the second set of cycles comprises the second cycle.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and product includes obtaining a representation of a quantum circuit that is configured to manipulate a plurality of qubits over a plurality of cycles where the representation defines a first order of the plurality of qubits. A second order of the plurality of qubits is determined that is different from the first order of the plurality of qubits, wherein said determining the second order is based on an objective function that is configured to provide scores based on respective lengths of circuit components in graphical representations of the quantum circuit. A graphical representation of the quantum circuit is generated that displays the plurality of qubits in accordance with the second order, and the graphical representation is displayed.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and product includes obtaining a logical representation of a quantum circuit; modifying the quantum circuit to transfer a gate operation defined in a first cycle to be performed in a second cycle, thereby obtaining a modified quantum circuit, wherein said modifying does not change a functionality of the quantum circuit, and synthesizing the modified quantum circuit using a dynamic error correction scheme. The dynamic error correction scheme implements error correction operations using a first assignment of first physical qubits to a logical qubit for a first set of cycles and using a second assignment of second physical qubits to the logical qubit for a second set of cycles, wherein the first set of cycles comprises the first cycle, and the second set of cycles comprises the second cycle.

Abstract: A method, product and apparatus for controlled propagation of input values in quantum computing. The method comprises obtaining a quantum program to be compiled. The quantum program has a first input qubit having a first value and a second input qubit having a second value. The method comprises identifying an intermediate cycle after which the first input qubit is not used in the quantum program, synthesizing a transformative quantum program that is applicable on a qubit being processed based on the first value and based on the second value; and updating the quantum program which comprises: modifying the quantum program to perform the transformative quantum program on the first input qubit at the intermediate cycle; and causing the quantum program to utilize the first input qubit instead of the second input qubit.