Abstract: Footwear includes a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and two bulbous protuberances, a forward bulbous protuberance and rearward bulbous protuberance. Each of the protuberances has a curved outer contour, and protrudes from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline thereof, the latitudinal midline being halfway between a calcaneus support portion and a phalanges support portion of the support member. The forward bulbous protuberance is positioned medially offset with respect to a longitudinal centerline.

Abstract: Provided are methods of treating or improving neurological conditions and/or outcomes thereof in a subject afflicted with a neurological condition. The methods include placement of a device comprising at least two calibrated, differential disturbances or protuberances under the subject's foot.

Abstract: Footwear includes a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and two bulbous protuberances, a forward bulbous protuberance and rearward bulbous protuberance. Each of the protuberances has a curved outer contour, and protrudes from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline thereof, the latitudinal midline being halfway between a calcaneus support portion and a phalanges support portion of the support member. The forward bulbous protuberance is positioned medially offset with respect to a longitudinal centerline.

Abstract: A footwear which includes a support member having an inner sole and an upper surface attachable to a foot, and two bulbous protuberances protruding from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline, is provided.

Abstract: A method of treating spine pathologies and related outcomes in a subject in need thereof is provided. The method includes placement of at least two calibrated, differential disturbances or protuberances under the subject's feet.

Abstract: Footwear includes a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and two bulbous protuberances, a forward bulbous protuberance and rearward bulbous protuberance. Each of the protuberances has a curved outer contour, and protrudes from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline thereof, the latitudinal midline being halfway between a calcaneus support portion and a phalanges support portion of the support member. The forward bulbous protuberance is positioned medially offset with respect to a longitudinal centerline.

Abstract: A footwear assembly including footwear composed of (a) an upper surface adapted to a foot, (b) two protuberances, (c) a sole, and (d) a map formed on the sole. The map includes markings that define an orientation and position for mounting two protuberances on a bottom surface of the sole.

Abstract: A method of differentially tuning a lower limb muscle in a human in need thereof is provided. The method includes placement of at least two calibrated, differential disturbances or protuberances under the human's feet thereby tuning a lower limb muscle.

Abstract: A method of treating a patient suffering from pain in the lower limb or a lower limb musculoskeletal disease is provided. The method includes placement of at least two calibrated, differential disturbances or protuberances under the patient's feet.

Abstract: A method of treating urinary incontinence, uncontrolled urination, and frequent urination in a human in need thereof is provided. The method includes placement of at least two calibrated, differential disturbances or protuberances under the human's feet.

Abstract: A proprioceptive element including a base for attachment to a bottom surface of a sole of a shoe, the base including a flange nut with a first set of threads formed thereon, a height adjustment ring including a threaded portion which mates with the first set of threads of the flange nut of the base, and a bulbous cap element having a curved outer contour and which is attached to the height adjustment ring, wherein turning of the height adjustment ring on the flange nut of the base adjusts the height of the bulbous cap element with respect to the base.

Abstract: Footwear includes a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and two bulbous protuberances, a forward bulbous protuberance and rearward bulbous protuberance. Each of the protuberances has a curved outer contour, and protrudes from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline thereof, the latitudinal midline being halfway between a calcaneus support portion and a phalanges support portion of the support member. The forward bulbous protuberance is positioned medially offset with respect to a longitudinal centerline.

Abstract: Footwear including a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and two bulbous protuberances, a forward bulbous protuberance and rearward bulbous protuberance, each having a curved outer contour, protruding from a lower surface of the support member on opposite sides of a latitudinal midline thereof, and wherein at least one of the protuberances is offset from the centerline of the support member.

Abstract: A footwear assembly including footwear including a sole and a map formed on the sole, the map including markings that define an orientation and position for mounting an item on to a bottom surface of the sole.

Abstract: Apparatus including a bone-growth stimulator including a vibrating element housed in a hand-held housing and/or an osseous limb wrapping.

Abstract: Proprioceptive or kinesthetic exercise methods and apparatus are described. In one embodiment, a proprioceptive treadmill is described that comprises a foot-contact running surface that rotates about a pair of spaced pulleys, the running surface comprising at least one protuberance protruding upwards from the running surface. Proprioceptive exercise surfaces, exercise bicycles, steppers, ski machines, rowing machines and elliptic exercise machines are also described.

Abstract: Proprioceptive or kinesthetic exercise methods and apparatus are described. In one embodiment, a proprioceptive treadmill is described that comprises a foot-contact running surface that rotates about a pair of spaced pulleys, the running surface comprising at least one protuberance protruding upwards from the running surface. Proprioceptive exercise surfaces, exercise bicycles, steppers, ski machines, rowing machines and elliptic exercise machines are also described.

Abstract: Footwear comprising a support member having an upper surface attachable to a foot, and two bulbous protuberances, each having a curved outer contour, protruding from a lower surface thereof, one of the protuberances being positioned more posteriorly than the other of the protuberances.

Abstract: Apparatus including a bone-growth stimulator including a vibrating element housed in a hand-held housing and/or an osseous limb wrapping.

Abstract: An intramedullary nail drilling guide including an intramedullary nail drilling guide including a radiation device including a radiation source and a radiation receptor, the radiation source being operative to emit a radiation beam along a beam axis, and a drill guide attached to a portion of the radiation device, the drill guide having a drilling aperture alignable with the beam axis.