Abstract: A method of forming a thermoresponsive polymer. The method begins by mixing in the presence of an organic solvent to form a monomer solution. An initiator is then added to the monomer solution to form a thermoresponsive polymer. In this method, R1 and R4 can be independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl groups; R2 and R3 can be independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, olefinic, aromatic, heterocyclic, halogen, ammonium, nitroxides, nitrates, nitrite amides, amines, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids, acyl chlorides, alcohols, nitriles, phosphates, phosphonates, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfide, sulfite, thiol, and combinations thereof; Y can be selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; R5 and R6 can be independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, olefinic, heterocyclic, halogens, ammonium, carboxylic, amines, esters, amides and combinations thereof; and X are methylene groups from about 0 to about 20 carbons.

Abstract: A method of forming a thermoresponsive polymer. The method proceeds by mixing 2-(3-(4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl)ureido)ethyl methacrylate and methacrylamide in the presence of a solvent form a monomer solution. An initiator is then added to the monomer solution to form a thermoresponsive polymer.

Abstract: A polymer comprising

Abstract: A method of first introducing a thermoresponsive polymer with an upper critical solubility temperature into an aqueous solution. The temperature of the thermoresponsive polymer can be equal to or greater than the upper critical solubility temperature of the thermoresponsive polymer. The method then separates contaminants within the aqueous solution with the thermoresponsive polymer to form aggregates.

Abstract: A method of forming a thermoresponsive polymer. The method begins by mixing in the presence of an organic solvent to form a monomer solution. An initiator is then added to the monomer solution to form a thermoresponsive polymer. In this method, R1 and R4 can be independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl groups; R2 and R3 can be independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, olefinic, aromatic, heterocyclic, halogen, ammonium, nitroxides, nitrates, nitrite amides, amines, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids, acyl chlorides, alcohols, nitriles, phosphates, phosphonates, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfide, sulfite, thiol, and combinations thereof; Y can be selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; R5 and R6 can be independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, olefinic, heterocyclic, halogens, ammonium, carboxylic, amines, esters, amides and combinations thereof; and X are methylene groups from about 0 to about 20 carbons.

Abstract: A method of forming a thermoresponsive polymer. The method proceeds by mixing 2-(3-(4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl)ureido)ethyl methacrylate and methacrylamide in the presence of a solvent form a monomer solution. An initiator is then added to the monomer solution to form a thermoresponsive polymer.

Abstract: A polymer comprising

Abstract: A polymer comprising In this polymer R1 and R4 can be independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl groups; R2 and R3 can be independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, olefinic, aromatic, heterocyclic, halogen, ammonium, nitroxides, nitrates, nitrite amides, amines, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids, acyl chlorides, alcohols, nitriles, phosphates, phosphonates, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfide, sulfite, thiol, and combinations thereof; Y can be selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; Z can be a hydrogen bonding group that is at least triple bonded or higher and X are methylene groups.

Abstract: A method of making a fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene derivatives and photovoltaic polymers containing same using 3-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid as a starting material. This synthetic route provides an easier synthesis as well as greater yield and a purer product, which produces superior results over the prior art less pure products. The resulting materials can be used in a variety of photovoltaic applications and devices, especially solar cells.

Abstract: Compositions, synthesis and applications for furan, thiophene and selenophene derivatized benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b?]dithiophene(BDT)-thienothiophene (BDT-TT) based polymers, namely, poly[(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethyhexyl)selenophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b?]dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexanoyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene)-2-6-diyl (CS-15), poly[(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethyhexyl)selenophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b?]dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl (CS-16), poly[(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethyhexyl)furan-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b?]dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl (CS-18) and poly[(4,8-bis(5-hexylfuran-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b?]dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexanoyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene)-2-6-diyl (CS-24) are disclosed. Further, an organic solar cell constructed of a derivatized benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b?]dithiophene(BDT)-thienothiophene (BDT-TT) based polymer is discussed.

Abstract: A polymer having a monomer repeat unit comprising wherein Ar is an aryl group.

Abstract: A polymer having two different sets of repeat units consisting essentially of: In this polymer, R1, R2, R3 and R4 can be independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl groups and combinations thereof. Also the combination of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are not all identical and n and o are greater than 1.

Abstract: A process of dissolving 3-fluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene in a solvent to create a solution. An initiator is then added to the solution to produce an initiated solution followed by adding a fluorinated chemical to the initiated solution to produce 2,3-difluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene. 2,3-difluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene is then oxidized with an oxidant to produce 2,3-difluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene. A brominating step then occurs to the 2,3-difluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene to produce 4,6-dibromo-2,3-difluorothieno[2,3-c]thiophene 4,6-dibromo-2,3-difluorothieno[2,3-c]thiophene is then debrominated and polymerized to The stoichiometric ratio of (f+g)?h and f, g and h are not equal to 0. Additionally, in this embodiment R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl groups and combinations thereof and where the combination of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are not all identical.

Abstract: A method of producing a monomer wherein the method begins by dissolving 3-fluoro-4,6 dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene in a solvent to create a solution. An initiator is then added to the solution to produce an initiated solution. This is followed by adding a fluorinated chemical to the initiated solution to produce 2,3-difluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene. 2,3-difluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene is then oxidized with an oxidant to produce 2,3-difluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene. 2,3-difluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene is then bromoated to produce 4,6-dibromo-2,3-difluorothieno[2,3-c]thiophene.

Abstract: Compositions, synthesis and applications for benzene, furan, thiophene, selenophene, pyrole, pyran, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole and imidazole derivatized anthra[2,3-b:6,7-b?]dithiophene (ADT) based polymers, namely, poly{5,11-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)anthra[2,3-b:6,7-b?]dithiophene-2,8-diyl-alt-2-ethyl-1-(thieno[3,4-b]thiophen-2-yl)hexan-1-one-4,6-diyl}, poly{5,11-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)furan-2-yl)anthra[2,3-b:6,7-b?]dithiophene-2,8-diyl-alt-2-ethyl-1-(thieno[3,4-b]thiophen-2-yl)hexan-1-one-4,6-diyl and poly{5,11-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)selenophen-2-yl)anthra[2,3-b:6,7-b?]dithiophene-2,8-diyl-alt-2-ethyl-1-(thieno[3,4-b]thiophen-2-yl)hexan-1-one-4,6-diyl} are disclosed. Further, an organic solar cell constructed of a derivatized anthra[2,3-b:6,7-b?]dithiophene (ADT) based polymer is discussed.

Abstract: A polymer having two different sets of repeat units consisting essentially of: In this polymer, R1, R2, R3 and R4 can be independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl groups and combinations thereof. Also the combination of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are not all identical and n and o are greater than 1.

Abstract: A polymer having a monomer repeat unit comprising wherein Ar is an aryl group.

Abstract: A method of producing a monomer wherein the method begins by dissolving 3-fluoro-4,6 dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene in a solvent to create a solution. An initiator is then added to the solution to produce an initiated solution. This is followed by adding a fluorinated chemical to the initiated solution to produce 2,3-difluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene. 2,3-difluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene is then oxidized with an oxidant to produce 2,3-difluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene. 2,3-difluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene is then bromoated to produce 4,6-dibromo-2,3-difluorothieno[2,3-c]thiophene.

Abstract: A process of dissolving 3-fluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene in a solvent to create a solution. An initiator is then added to the solution to produce an initiated solution followed by adding a fluorinated chemical to the initiated solution to produce 2,3-difluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene. 2,3-difluoro-4,6-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]thiophene is then oxidized with an oxidant to produce 2,3-difluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene. A brominating step then occurs to the 2,3-difluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene to produce 4,6-dibromo-2,3-difluorothieno[2,3-c]thiophene. 4,6-dibromo-2,3-difluorothieno[2,3-c]thiophene is then debrominated and polymerized to The stoichiometric ratio of (f+g)?h and f, g and h are not equal to 0. Additionally, in this embodiment R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl groups and combinations thereof and where the combination of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are not all identical.

Abstract: A method of making a fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene derivatives and photovoltaic polymers containing same using 3-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid as a starting material. This synthetic route provides an easier synthesis as well as greater yield and a purer product, which produces superior results over the prior art less pure products. The resulting materials can be used in a variety of photovoltaic applications and devices, especially solar cells.