Abstract: A system for determining particle size of a quantity of a sample material contained in a sample material holder is disclosed, where the sample material is made up a plurality of the particles. The system may incorporate a pressure regulating subsystem for receiving a first pressurized airflow signal and regulating the first pressurized airflow signal to a second pressurized airflow signal having a pressure lower than the first pressurized airflow signal, the second pressurized airflow signal configured to be input to a first end of the sample material holder. A mass airflow transducer may be incorporated for determining a flow rate representing an air flow value entering the sample material holder. A control module uses the air flow value in combination with the pressure differential value and mathematically determining a dimension of the particles making up the sample material.

Abstract: A system for determining particle size of a quantity of a sample material contained in a sample material holder is disclosed, where the sample material is made up a plurality of the particles. The system may incorporate a pressure regulating subsystem for receiving a first pressurized airflow signal and regulating the first pressurized airflow signal to a second pressurized airflow signal having a pressure lower than the first pressurized airflow signal, the second pressurized airflow signal configured to be input to a first end of the sample material holder. A mass airflow transducer may be incorporated for determining a flow rate representing an air flow value entering the sample material holder. A control module uses the air flow value in combination with the pressure differential value and mathematically determining a dimension of the particles making up the sample material.

Abstract: According to one general embodiment, a membrane, includes a polymeric network configured to separate a first fluid and a second fluid, where the first and second fluids are different; and a plurality of enzymatic reactive components embedded within the polymeric network. According to another embodiment, a bioreactor includes a lattice of three dimensional structures, each structure including a membrane having: a polymeric network configured to separate a first fluid and a second fluid, where the first and second fluids are different; and a plurality of enzymatic reactive components embedded within the polymeric network.

Abstract: Encapsulated solids are made by first encapsulating precursor materials in a polymer shell. The precursors are some combination of solids, liquids, gases, and/or gels. The precursors are then transformed into solids by emplacement of the capsule in an environment where gas or fluid transport into or out of the polymer shell causes transformation into solids.

Abstract: According to one general embodiment, a membrane, includes a polymeric network configured to separate a first fluid and a second fluid, where the first and second fluids are different; and a plurality of enzymatic reactive components embedded within the polymeric network. According to another embodiment, a bioreactor includes a lattice of three dimensional structures, each structure including a membrane having: a polymeric network configured to separate a first fluid and a second fluid, where the first and second fluids are different; and a plurality of enzymatic reactive components embedded within the polymeric network.

Abstract: Encapsulated solids are made by first encapsulating precursor materials in a polymer shell. The precursors are some combination of solids, liquids, gases, and/or gels. The precursors are then transformed into solids by emplacement of the capsule in an environment where gas or fluid transport into or out of the polymer shell causes transformation into solids.

Abstract: A method in one embodiment includes contacting a strongly hydrogen bonded organic material with an ionic liquid having a fluoride anion for solubilizing the strongly hydrogen bonded organic material; and maintaining the ionic liquid at a temperature of about 90° C. or less during the contacting. A method in another embodiment includes contacting a strongly hydrogen bonded organic material with an ionic liquid having an acetate or formate anion for solubilizing the strongly hydrogen bonded organic material; and maintaining the ionic liquid at a temperature of less than about 90° C. during the contacting.

Abstract: A method in one embodiment includes contacting a strongly hydrogen bonded organic material with an ionic liquid having a fluoride anion for solubilizing the strongly hydrogen bonded organic material; and maintaining the ionic liquid at a temperature of about 90° C. or less during the contacting. A method in another embodiment includes contacting a strongly hydrogen bonded organic material with an ionic liquid having an acetate or formate anion for solubilizing the strongly hydrogen bonded organic material; and maintaining the ionic liquid at a temperature of less than about 90° C. during the contacting.