Abstract: In some examples, a system arranges data in a plurality of nodes in a tree structure, where a given node of the plurality of nodes is associated with a probabilistic data structure that provides a probabilistic indication of whether data is present in the given node. The system determines, for reads of the given node, a false positive measure of false positives indicated by the probabilistic data structure, and prioritizes a compaction of the given node based on the determined false positive measure.

Abstract: In some examples, a system arranges data in a plurality of nodes in a tree structure, where a given node of the plurality of nodes is associated with a probabilistic data structure that provides a probabilistic indication of whether data is present in the given node. The system determines, for reads of the given node, a false positive measure of false positives indicated by the probabilistic data structure, and prioritizes a compaction of the given node based on the determined false positive measure.

Abstract: According to examples, an apparatus may include a processor that may store copies of full and incremental snapshots of a volume to an object-based storage system in a format that may include a volume object, a plurality of snapshot objects, and a plurality of data bucket objects. The volume object may point to each of the snapshot objects that each correspond to a snapshot created for the volume. Each of the snapshot objects may have a list of one or more of the data bucket objects for the corresponding snapshot, in which, for incremental snapshots, the corresponding snapshot object points to identifications of data bucket objects that represent changes made to the data in the volume since a prior snapshot and each data bucket object may have a list of a data block including data representing the snapshot corresponding to the snapshot object pointing to the data bucket object.