Abstract: An electron gun that generate an electron flow and the application of this gun to produce rf energy or for injectors. The electron gun includes an electrostatic cavity having a first stage with emitting faces and multiple stages with emitting sections. The gun also includes a mechanism for producing an electrostatic force which encompasses the emitting faces and the multiple emitting sections so electrons are directed from the emitting faces toward the emitting sections to contact the emitting sections and generate additional electrons and to further contact other emitting sections to generate additional electrons and so on then finally to escape the end of the cavity. A method for producing a flow of electrons.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to an electron gun that generates an electron flow and the application of this gun to produce rf energy or for injectors. The electron gun comprises an electrostatic cavity having a first stage with emitting faces and multiple stages with emitting sections. The gun is also comprised of a mechanism for producing an electrostatic force which encompasses the emitting faces and the multiple emitting sections so electrons are directed from the emitting faces toward the emitting sections to contact the emitting sections and generate additional electrons and to further contact other emitting sections to generate additional electrons and so on then finally to escape the end of the cavity. The emitting sections preferably provide the cavity with an accelerating force for electrons inside the cavity. The multiple sections preferably include thin forward emitting surfaces. The forward emitting surfaces can be of an annular shape, or of a circular shape, or of a rhombohedron shape.

Abstract: The valve is designed for the ejection of a plurality of different gases from within the valve, simultaneously, by having a plurality of plenum chambers within the chamber of the valve, and a poppet therein, that are charged with gases under pressure. The gases are sealed within the respective plenum chambers by the action of a spring that urges the poppet against a gas exit port associated with each plenum chamber. Ejection of the gases is accomplished by the application of an electrical current into a coil surrounding the poppet which produces an electromagnetic field that causes a non-ferrous hammer to be driven away from the coil and strike the poppet. Upon being struck by the hammer, the poppet is driven off of the plurality of gas exit ports thereby allowing the gases to be ejected, simultaneously, from the respective plenum chambers into a region of lower pressure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for bonding a layer of coating or cladding material onto a substrate with minimal bulk heating of the substrate. A pulsed electron beam generator is used to produce high energy electrons at the beginning of the pulse and a larger number of lower energy electrons at the end of the pulse. A thin sacrificial or ablative layer of an easily-vaporized material such as tin is placed on top the coating. The high energy electrons penetrate through the ablative and coating layers and heat the coating-substrate interface. The ablative layer is then heated by the low energy electrons to a much higher temperature, causing it to vaporize. The ablation process generates a force on the coating layer which drives it into the substrate.

Abstract: The laser synchrotron source (LSS) utilizes a high peak power or high average power laser to generate within a vacuum chamber a laser beam travelling in one direction to interact with an electron beam traveling in an opposite direction in order to generate high-power x-rays. A ring resonator formed by a plurality of mirrors directs the laser beam in a closed loop to impact with the electron beam to produce x-rays. Concave mirrors in the ring resonator focus the laser beam upon the point where the laser beam interacts with the electron beam to intensify the laser energy at that point. When a radio frequency linear accelerator (rf linac) is used to produce the electron beam, x-rays having a short pulse length are generated. When a betatron is used as an electron source, x-rays having a long pulse length are generated.

Abstract: Ceramic packages for encapsulating integrated circuit (IC) chips are made of layers which are laminated together in a co-firing process. A signal layer includes leads electrically connecting external pins with the chip itself. Other layers supply ground and power to the chip by way of the signal layer. The layers are designed so that when a new chip is to be introduced, only one layer of the package, called a "VIA layer," needs to be re-designed for the new chip. The VIA layer is programmed with connections or "vias" at specific locations between the signal layer and a power or ground layer above or below the signal layer. The "vias" are conductive dots that extend through the VIA layer. The layer opposite the signal layer on the other side of the VIA layer contains "internal supply and ground bars" that are electrically connected to internal supply and ground layers.

Abstract: A logic circuit is connected to "n" input terminals having a descending order of priority 1, . . . k, . . . n, and to "n" corresponding output terminals for causing a logical "true" signal to be provided from any given output terminal in response to a logical "true" signal being provided at its corresponding input terminal when a logical "true" signal is not provided at any higher priority input terminal. The logic circuit includes "n" logic elements, each of which is connected between one of the input terminals and its corresponding output terminal and each of which has an enable input and an enable output, wherein the logic elements are interconnected with the enable input of the "kth" logic element being connected to the enable output of the "(k-1)th" logic element.

Abstract: The valve is designed for the ejection of a plurality of different gases from within the valve, simultaneously, by having a plurality of plenum chambers within the chamber of the valve, and a poppet therein, that are charged with gases under pressure. The gases are sealed within the respective plenum chambers by the action of a spring that urges the poppet against a gas exit port associated with each plenum chamber. Ejection of the gases is accomplished by the application of an electrical current into a coil surrounding the poppet which produces an electromagnetic field that causes a non-ferrous hammer to be driven away from the coil and strike the poppet. Upon being struck by the hammer, the poppet is driven off of the plurality of gas exit ports thereby allowing the gases to be ejected, simultaneously, from the respective plenum chambers into a region of lower pressure.