Abstract: The present application discloses compositions for thin film dye-sensitized solar cells in which nanoparticles of semiconductor material are tethered together in a nanonodular network using a multi-functional linking compound.

Abstract: A method of making a metal oxide based component for use in a solar cell, without sintering the metal oxide. The method includes flocculating a metal oxide solution that is used to produce the non-sintered metal oxide component. A composition for use in making a non-sintered solar cell component. The composition includes a metal oxide solution and a flocculant for flocculating particles of the metal oxide solution. A solar cell having an anode and interfacing the anode is a semiconductor that includes a metal oxide that is produced by a method that does not require sintering of the metal oxide. The method comprises flocculating a solution of the metal oxide. The solar cell further includes a cathode and an electrolyte in electrical communication with the semiconductor and the cathode.