Abstract: The invention provides novel methods for selecting an optimal diet and exercise regimen for a patient based on the consideration of several factors, including low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass levels. Furthermore, the invention provides novel methods for treating a patient, comprising selecting an optimal diet and exercise regimen and monitoring the patient. Patients appropriate for the methods of the invention include, for example, those with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or at risk of developing CVD. In contrast to prior methods, the methods of the invention are based on the measurement of risk factors, including LDL and HDL subclass levels, that have not previously been used to select a diet and exercise regimen.