Abstract: The present invention is an array substrate for use in a liquid crystal display device, which includes a gate electrode, a gate line and a gate pad on a substrate, wherein the gate electrode, the gate line and the gate pad have a double-layered structure consisting of a first metal layer and a first barrier metal layer in series from the substrate, and wherein the first metal is one of aluminum and aluminum alloy; a gate insulation layer on the substrate covering the gate electrode, gate line and gate pad; an active layer and an ohmic contact layer sequentially formed on the gate insulation layer and over the gate electrode; a data line on the gate insulation layer perpendicularly crossing the gate line, source and drain electrodes contacting the ohmic contact layer, and a data pad on the gate insulation layer, wherein the data line, the source and drain electrode and the data pad have a double-layered structure consisting of a second barrier metal layer and a second metal layer of copper; a passivation layer

Abstract: A demand response (DR) system, computer-readable medium and method are disclosed. The DR system controls a high-power-consumption load to be pre-operated or post-operated in a low-power-rate interval instead of a high-power-rate interval, and reduces an amount of power consumption required for a high-power-rate interval, resulting in reduction of power rates. In addition, limitation to household appliance operation is minimized, to greatly reduce inconvenience of a user.

Abstract: An overlay vernier key includes a semiconductor substrate on which a cell region and a scribe lane region are defined, and a plurality of vernier patterns which are formed in the scribe lane region of the semiconductor substrate and arranged in a polygonal shape. Each of the vernier patterns has a hollow polygonal shape.

Abstract: There is provided a light emitting diode package having at least two heat sinks. The light emitting diode package includes a main body, at least two lead terminals fixed to the main body, and at least two heat sinks of electrically and thermally conductive materials, the heat sinks being fixed to the main body. The at least two heat sinks are separated from each other. Thus, high luminous power can be obtained mounting a plurality of light emitting diode dies in one LED package. Further, it is possible to embody polychromatic lights mounting LED dies emitting different wavelengths of light each other in the LED package.

Abstract: In a method of forming a layer, a precursor composition including a metal and a ligand chelating to the metal is stabilized by contacting the precursor composition with an electron donating compound to provide a stabilized precursor composition onto a substrate. A reactant is introduced onto the substrate to bind to the metal in the stabilized precursor composition. The stabilized precursor composition is provided onto the substrate by introducing the precursor composition onto the substrate after the electron donating compound is introduced onto the substrate. The electron donating compound is continuously introduced onto the substrate during and after the precursor composition is introduced.

Abstract: An adaptive writing method of a high-density optical recording apparatus and a circuit thereof. The circuit includes a discriminator for discriminating a magnitude of a present mark of input NRZI data and magnitudes of leading and/or trailing spaces of the input NRZI data, a generator for controlling the waveform of a write pulse in accordance with the magnitude of the present mark of the input NRZI data and the magnitudes of the leading and/or trailing spaces of the input NRZI data to generate an adaptive write pulse, and a driver for driving a light source by converting the adaptive write pulse into a current signal in accordance with driving power levels for respective channels of the adaptive write pulse. The widths of the first and/or last pulses of the write pulse waveform are varied in accordance with the magnitude of the present mark of input NRZI data and the magnitude of the leading and/or trailing spaces, thereby minimizing jitter to enhance system reliability and performance.

Abstract: Provided are an ARQ apparatus and method for a multihop system in a broadband wireless access communication system. The ARQ method of a relay includes determining if the relay successfully receives specific data from a source and transmitting the specific data to a destination; receiving feedback data from the destination and determining if the destination successfully receives the specific data; generating feedback data including data indicating if the relay and the destination successfully receive the specific data, and outputting the feedback data to the source; and retransmitting the specific data, when the relay successfully receives the specific data but the destination fails to receive the specific data. Accordingly, when the MH-BTS successfully receives the data from the source but the destination fails to receive the data, the source does not retransmit same data to the MH-BTS.

Abstract: An integral cap assembly comprising a top cap mounted as a base plate to an opening of a battery can and a cap subassembly including a protective circuit module and the like integrally mounted on the top cap, a method for manufacturing a secondary battery comprising the same, and a secondary battery manufactured thereby are disclosed. The cap assembly is provided as an integral member comprising the top cap acting as the base plate, and the cap subassembly having the protective circuit module provided thereon, thereby simplifying a manufacturing process of the battery while minimizing frequency of defective products. Additionally, the integral cap assembly is manufactured through insert injection molding, thereby providing notable advantages over the conventional technology.

Abstract: An integral cap assembly comprising a top cap mounted as a base plate to an opening of a battery can and a cap subassembly including a protective circuit module and the like integrally mounted on the top cap, a method for manufacturing a secondary battery comprising the same, and a secondary battery manufactured thereby are disclosed. The cap assembly is provided as an integral member comprising the top cap acting as the base plate, and the cap subassembly having the protective circuit module provided thereon, thereby simplifying a manufacturing process of the battery while minimizing frequency of defective products. Additionally, the integral cap assembly is manufactured through insert injection molding, thereby providing notable advantages over the conventional technology.

Abstract: A display panel driving circuit includes N number of amplifiers configured to supply N number of output voltages to a display panel; N number of output switches configured to transmit output signals from the N number of amplifiers through N number of pads to the display panel; and a plurality of charge sharing switches configured to share charges among the N number of pads, wherein the charge sharing switches are formed in the pads.

Abstract: An etchant for forming double-layered signal lines and electrodes of a liquid crystal display device includes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a phosphate, F-ions, an organic acid having a carboxyl group (—COOH), a copper (Cu) inhibitor, and a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stabilizer, wherein each of the double-layered signal lines and electrodes of the liquid crystal display device includes a first layer of one of aluminum (Al), aluminum alloy (Al-alloy), titanium (Ti), titanium alloy (Ti-alloy), tantalum (Ta), and a tantalum alloy (Ta-alloy) and a second layer of copper (Cu).

Abstract: A block decoding circuit of a semiconductor memory device includes a plurality of block decoders, a plurality of repair address check circuits, a dummy repair address check circuit and a block selection signal generation circuit. The plurality of block decoders are configured to decode a received block selection address. The plurality of repair address check circuits are configured to generate second output signals based on whether a received block selection address and word line selection address are repair addresses. The dummy repair address check circuit is configured to generate a control signal in response to the block selection address and the word line selection address. The block selection signal generation circuit is configured to generate block selection signals based on the first output signals from the plurality of block decoders, the control signal from the dummy repair address circuit, and the second output signals from the repair address check circuits.

Abstract: A display driving circuit and method is capable of minimizing the residual image of a display panel as well as consumption electric current. The display driving circuit generates driving signals corresponding to valid data and black data and transmits the driving signals to a display panel, and includes N data selection switches (where N is the integer), N buffers, N buffer output selection switches, and multiple charge sharing switches. The N data selection switches select one of the valid data and the black data. The N buffers buffer the signal selected by the respective data selection switches. The N buffer output selection switches switch outputs of the buffers to output the respective driving signals. The multiple charge sharing switches connect the neighboring pairs of the driving signals.

Abstract: Example methods and example embodiments include methods of fabricating semiconductor devices and semiconductor devices fabricated by the same. Example fabricating methods include forming a first nanowire, oxidizing the first nanowire to form a first nanostructure including a first insulator and a second nanowire, and oxidizing the second nanowire to form a second nanostructure including a second insulator and nanodots. Example semiconductor devices include nanostructures including nanodots and nanostructures providing storage nodes in memory devices.

Abstract: Provided is an image processing apparatus. The image processing apparatus may synthesize an input frame with texture information of another frame and provide an output frame with an enhanced texture component.

Abstract: A common operating set including a plurality of cells may be set, and common radio resources may be allocated to enable the plurality of cells to perform a multi-cell common operation. Unique uplink radio resources may be allocated to each of terminals in the common operating set within the common radio resources, and each of the terminals may transmit corresponding uplink feedback information to a plurality of base stations based on corresponding unique uplink radio resources. Accordingly, each of the base stations may recognize information associated with a wireless environment between each of terminals and a corresponding base station.

Abstract: An electromagnetic multi-axis actuator, which can realize small size, light weight and low power consumption while being capable of performing multi-axis motion by overcoming limitations in a driving range, compared to a typical electrostatic actuation scheme or a typical electric motor actuating scheme. The electromagnetic multi-axis actuator includes an actuating unit (1) capable of being driven in a multi-axis manner, one or more elastic parts (2) connected to the actuating unit and made of a conductive material, and one or more coil substrates (3) disposed either above or below or both above and below the elastic parts and provided with conductive coils formed thereon to form magnetic fields around the elastic parts. The multi-axis actuator having the above construction can realize high response speed while having a driving range of high power caused by low power consumption, a large displacement, and multiple axes.

Abstract: A method of assigning and managing reference signals in a multi-cell environment, and a network device and a terminal for applying the method, are provided. Reference signal patterns may be assigned to multiple femtocells through a long term coordination of a central control unit that is used to control multiple cells.

Abstract: Provided is a light emitting device. The light emitting device includes: a plurality of lead frame units spaced apart from each other, each of the lead frame units being provided with at least one fixing space perforating a body thereof in a vertical direction; a light emitting diode chip mounted on one of the lead frame units; and a molding unit that is integrally formed on top surfaces of the lead frame units and in the fixing spaces to protect the light emitting diode chip.

Abstract: A driving method for local dimming of a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) device and an apparatus using the same are disclosed.