Abstract: Provided are compositions, including products of manufacture and kits, and methods, comprising combinations of microbes, such as non-pathogenic, live bacteria and/or bacterial spores, for the control, amelioration, prevention, and treatment of a disease or condition, for example, a cancer. In alternative embodiment, these non-pathogenic, live bacteria and/or bacterial spores are administered to an individual in need thereof, thereby resulting in a modification or modulation of the individual's gut microfloral population(s). In alternative embodiments, by modulating or modifying the individual's gut microbial population(s) using compositions, products of manufacture and methods as provided herein, the pharmacodynamics of a drug administered to the individual is altered, thereby controlling, ameliorating, preventing and/or treating of that cancer.

Abstract: In alternative embodiments, provided are compositions, including products of manufacture and kits, and methods, for or comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an inhibitor of an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule and/or a stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule and a formulation, wherein the formulation comprises at least two different species or genera of non-pathogenic, live bacteria, and each of the non-pathogenic, live bacteria comprise non-pathogenic colony forming live bacteria, a plurality of non-pathogenic germinable bacterial spores, or a combination thereof, and optionally the non-pathogenic bacteria or non-pathogenic bacteria arising from germination of the germinable spores can individually or together metabolize urolithin A from ellagic acid, or can individually or together synthesize urolithin A.