Abstract: The invention also provides methods, apparatuses and reagents useful for predicting future atherosclerosis based on expression levels of genes selected from the set of 68 genes with differential expression in response to pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. The invention also discloses reagent sets and biomarkers for predicting progression of atherosclerosis induced by anti-diabetic therapy in a subject. In one particular embodiment the invention provides a method for predict whether a compound will induce atherosclerosis using gene expression data from sub-acute treatments.

Abstract: The invention encompasses systems, methods, and apparatus for predicting clinical outcomes and monitoring an individual's response to a therapeutic regimen. The invention further encompasses methods for predicting cardiovascular risk based a genetic marker status and methods for modifying a computer to reflect genetic data and for incorporating genetic markers into a virtual population.

Abstract: The invention encompasses novel computer models of atherosclerosis and systems for predicting development and progression of atherosclerosis as well as associated cardiovascular risk. In particular, the computer model of atherosclerosis comprises a) a cholesterol metabolism module; b) an atherogenesis module; and c) a plaque stability module. The computer model optionally further comprises a cardiovascular risk module.

Abstract: The invention encompasses novel methods for developing a computer model of a mammalian respiratory system. In particular, the models include representations of biological processes associated with obstruction of the respiratory system with constriction of the respiratory system. The invention also encompasses computer models of respiratory systems, methods of simulating respiratory systems and computer systems for simulating respiratory systems.

Abstract: The invention encompasses novel methods for developing a computer model of cholesterol metabolism in an animal. In particular, the models include representations of biological processes associated with both lipid flux and lipoprotein particles. The invention also encompasses computer models of cholesterol metabolism, methods of simulating cholesterol metabolism and computer systems for simulating cholesterol metabolism.