Abstract: A composition of a photocatalyst, a method of manufacturing the photocatalyst, and a method of chemically reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide using the photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation is provided. The photocatalyst comprises a transition metal ion and graphitic carbon nitride and includes single metal sites on carbon nitride. Under visible light, the metal sites that are coordinated to nitrogen atoms get activated, without the use of additional ligands, to catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide to selectively produce carbon monoxide. The photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide is highly efficient, resulting a turnover number of more than 800 for carbon monoxide production in 2 hours. The composition is useful in converting carbon dioxide into useful chemicals and carbon-based fuels. A functional model of molecular catalysts for efficient carbon dioxide reduction is also present.

Abstract: A method of supervised machine learning-based spectrum analysis information, using a neural network trained with spectrum information, to identify a specified feature of a given material, a system for supervised machine learning-based spectrum analysis, and a method of training a neural network to analyze spectrum data. The method of supervised machine learning-base spectrum analysis comprises inputting into the neural network spectrum data obtained from a sample of the given material; and the neural network processing the spectrum data, in accordance with the training of the neural network, and outputting one or more values for the specified feature of the sample of the material. In an embodiment, the training set of data includes x-ray absorption spectroscopy data for the given material. In an embodiment, the training set of data includes electron energy loss spectra (EELS) data.

Abstract: A composition of a photocatalyst, a method of manufacturing the photocatalyst, and a method of chemically reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide using the photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation is provided. The photocatalyst comprises a transition metal ion and graphitic carbon nitride and includes single metal sites on carbon nitride. Under visible light, the metal sites that are coordinated to nitrogen atoms get activated, without the use of additional ligands, to catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide to selectively produce carbon monoxide. The photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide is highly efficient, resulting a turnover number of more than 800 for carbon monoxide production in 2 hours. The composition is useful in converting carbon dioxide into useful chemicals and carbon-based fuels. A functional model of molecular catalysts for efficient carbon dioxide reduction is also present.

Abstract: A method of supervised machine learning-based spectrum analysis information, using a neural network trained with spectrum information, to identify a specified feature of a given material, a system for supervised machine learning-based spectrum analysis, and a method of training a neural network to analyze spectrum data. The method of supervised machine learning-base spectrum analysis comprises inputting into the neural network spectrum data obtained from a sample of the given material; and the neural network processing the spectrum data, in accordance with the training of the neural network, and outputting one or more values for the specified feature of the sample of the material. In an embodiment, the training set of data includes x-ray absorption spectroscopy data for the given material. In an embodiment, the training set of data includes electron energy loss spectra (EELS) data.

Abstract: Microphone having linear optical transducers. The present invention includes the use of linear optical transducers in several configurations to detect the motion of one or more conventional microphone diaphragms in proportional response to incident acoustic signals. A light source, such as a laser or a light emitting diode directs light onto a reflecting microphone diaphragm responsive to sound waves, and the position of the reflected light is monitored using a position sensitive detector which effectively eliminates effects of light source intensity on the optical transducer-processed signal. Other embodiments make use of either a fixed knife edge or a knife edge which moves in response to the motion of the diaphragm to interrupt the light source in a proportional manner to the amplitude of motion of the diaphragm.

Abstract: Method for increasing the critical current density in Type II superconducting materials. The generation of a regular pattern of defects for pinning vortices, where the density of pinning sites is matched to the density of vortices produced by a chosen magnetic field in the particular superconducting material, is described. It is anticipated that such a defect pattern will substantially increase the critical current density carrying capability of the superconducting material so patterned. The fabrication of thick superconductors and conductors having chosen shapes is also described.

Abstract: Data transmissions from each of a multiplicity of users in a fiber-optic communications network employ pulse stream frequencies which uniquely differ by a given period offset, .DELTA.t, and are thus characteristic of each particular user. Such pulse streams 11, 12, etc. are multiplexed for transmission through the network, yet may be individually extracted at the facilities of a receiving user by means of a selector 26 comprising one or more non-linear optical logic devices 35, such as bistable semiconductor laser amplifiers or self-electrooptic effect devices, which are associated with optical delay means 34 having period offset characteristics peculiar to that of a specific transmitting user.

Abstract: A noise limiter for a binary circuit in which a thin film superconductor is put in shunt between a transmission line and ground. The thin film exhibits a gradual transition region as a function of current between normal conduction and the completely superconductive state. The dimensions of the thin film are chosen such that a high level signal on the transmission line falls in the gradual transition region and the impedance of the shunt is greater than the characteristic impedance of the transmission line while a noise component on the low level signal falls in the superconductive region and therefore is reflected by the zero-impedance shunt.

Abstract: Filter arrangements (400,500,600) are disclosed for tunable channel selection in optical wavelength division multiplexed systems. Each filter arrangement has an etalon device (e.g. 401-403) as a simple, compact, in-line component which is rotatably adapted for interposing between the ends of fiber optic cables for interconnecting the cables. An optical beam emanating from a free end of each cable end is focused and directed to the etalon device by a collimated lensed connector (e.g. 411). Identical etalon devices may be stacked and ganged for rotation in unison to increase the number of system channels that may be propagated. Non-identical etalon devices may be stacked and made independently rotatable to increase the free spectral range of the system.