Abstract: Wax compositions may be obtained by providing an olefinic feed comprising a first linear alpha olefin having m carbon atoms and a second linear alpha olefin having n carbon atoms, wherein m and n are independently selected integers each ranging from about 12 to about 100, and the olefinic feed optionally comprises one or more internal olefins and/or one or more branched olefins; contacting the olefinic feed with a metal carbene catalyst in a reactor; forming ethylene and a hydrocarbon substance comprising a linear olefin dimer comprising two carbon atoms less than a sum of m and n; removing the ethylene from the reactor while forming the linear olefin dimer; and isolating a wax composition comprising the linear olefin dimer, a hydrogenated reaction product thereof, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: Processes for making saturated isomerized polyalphaolefm by concurrently isomerizing and hydrogenating unsaturated polyalphaolefm in the presence of a high activity catalyst. Such processes can include contacting at least one unsaturated polyalphaolefm with a catalyst capable of both isomerizing and hydrogenating the polyalphaolefm, wherein the catalyst includes a zeolite or mesoporous material, the zeolite having a silica to alumina mole ratio of from about 5 to about 100 and an alpha value of from about 10 to about 1,000, and the mesoporous material having a collidine uptake of from about 100 ??moles/g to about 500 ?moles/g, wherein a Group VIB to VIIIB metal is incorporated in the catalyst at a concentration of from about 0.01 wt % to about 60.00 wt %, and wherein the zeolite is selected from the group consisting of ZSM-48, ZSM-23, ZSM-12, ZSM-35, ZSM-11, ZSM-57, Beta zeolite, Mordenite zeolite, USY zeolite, zeolite having a MWW framework, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Branched paraffins formed as a hydrogenated reaction product of one or more linear alpha olefins (LAOs) oligomerized with a BF3 catalyst system and comprising at least about 90 wt. % branched paraffin dimers may have advantageous heat transfer properties. Heat transfer fluids comprising the branched paraffins may be placed in contact with a heat- generating component, such as those found in electric vehicles, battery systems, and other locations in need of thermal management. Branched paraffin dimers formed from one or more LAOs having about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms may collectively have a Mouromtseff Number ranging from about 10,000 to about 16,000 kg/(s2.2.m0.6.K) at 80° C., a thermal conductivity at 80° C. of about 0.125 W/m.K or higher, and a flash point of about 140° C. or higher.

Abstract: Wax compositions may be obtained by subjecting one or more linear alpha olefins to olefin metathesis and optionally hydrogenating. The wax compositions comprise: a hydrocarbon substance comprising a linear olefin dimer formed from a first linear alpha olefin having m carbon atoms and a second linear alpha olefin having n carbon atoms, a hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated reaction product of the linear olefin dimer, or any combination thereof, the first linear alpha olefin and the second linear alpha olefin being the same or different, and the linear olefin dimer comprising two carbon atoms less than a sum of m and n; wherein m and n are independently selected integers each ranging from 12 to 100; and wherein the wax composition has a melting point of 25° C. or greater.

Abstract: Wax compositions may be obtained by providing an olefinic feed comprising a first linear alpha olefin having m carbon atoms and a second linear alpha olefin having n carbon atoms, wherein m and n are independently selected integers each ranging from about 12 to about 100, and the olefinic feed optionally comprises one or more internal olefins and/or one or more branched olefins; contacting the olefinic feed with a metal carbene catalyst in a reactor; forming ethylene and a hydrocarbon substance comprising a linear olefin dimer comprising two carbon atoms less than a sum of m and n; removing the ethylene from the reactor while forming the linear olefin dimer; and isolating a wax composition comprising the linear olefin dimer, a hydrogenated reaction product thereof, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: Methylparaffins having limited methyl branching may be prepared by contacting at least one linear olefin with hydrogen in the presence of a dual-function supported catalyst comprising a solid acid component and a hydrogenation component under conditions sufficient to catalytically isomerize the at least one linear olefin into an intermediate product comprising one or more branched olefins, and hydrogenating the one or more branched olefins to form an isoparaffin product comprising one or more methylparaffins. Heat transfer fluids comprising such methylparaffins may be used in various thermal management systems, such as within various systems of electric vehicles, server farms, or other locales in need of efficient heat transfer.

Abstract: Methyl paraffins formed by hydrogenating one or more LAO dimers comprising a vinylidene moiety or a trisubstituted olefin moiety may have advantageous heat transfer properties, particularly when incorporated within an electric vehicle. For example, methyl paraffins produced upon hydrogenating LAO dimers formed from one or more C6-C12 LAOS, particularly in the presence of a Hf metallocene catalyst system, may contain 12-24 carbon atoms, and collectively have a flash point of about 130° C. or above, a pour point of about ?42° C. or lower, a thermal conductivity at 80° C. of about 0.165 W/m·K or higher, and a Mouromtseff number ranging from about 17,000 to about 27,000 kg/(s2.2·m0.6·K) at 80° C. Heat transfer fluids comprising such methyl paraffins may be placed in contact with a heat-generating component, such as a battery and/or motor of an electric vehicle, or within a similar type of battery system, including immersive configurations for a battery.

Abstract: Processes are described for isomerizing one or more C14-C24 alpha olefins to produce an isomerization mixture comprising one or more C14-C24 internal olefins comprising contacting an olefinic feed comprising the one or more C14-C24 alpha olefins with a catalyst under isomerization conditions, wherein the catalyst comprises a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate having an MWW framework. The resulting isomerization mixture typically exhibits a low pour point with maintained biodegradability properties as compared to the olefinic feed, and is particularly useful in drilling fluid and paper sizing compositions.

Abstract: Processes are described for isomerizing one or more C4-C24 alpha olefins to produce an isomerization mixture comprising one or more C4-C24 internal olefins comprising contacting an olefinic feed comprising the one or more C4-C24 alpha olefins with a catalyst under isomerization conditions, wherein the catalyst comprises a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, and mixtures or combinations thereof, and wherein the microporous crystalline aluminosilicate has a SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of less than or equal to about 100. The resulting isomerization mixture typically exhibits a lower pour point and maintained biodegradability properties as compared to the olefinic feed, and is particularly useful in drilling fluid and paper sizing compositions.

Abstract: Processes are described for isomerizing one or more C14-C24 alpha olefins to produce an isomerization mixture comprising one or more C14-C24 internal olefins comprising contacting an olefinic feed comprising the one or more C14-C24 alpha olefins with a catalyst under isomerization conditions, wherein the catalyst comprises a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate having an MWW framework. The resulting isomerization mixture typically exhibits a low pour point with maintained biodegradability properties as compared to the olefinic feed, and is particularly useful in drilling fluid and paper sizing compositions.

Abstract: Ebullated bed reactors may be used to synthesize olefin compositions exhibiting low sediment toxicity and favorable pour points. The olefin compositions are formed by isomerizing linear alpha olefins (LAOs) into linear internal olefins (LIOs), skeletal isomerized branched olefins, or any combination thereof. Methods for preparing olefin compositions comprising LIOs and, optionally, branched olefins may comprise: providing an olefinic feed comprising one or more LAOs, and interacting the olefinic feed with a plurality of catalyst particulates in an ebullated bed reactor to form an isomerized product. The catalyst particulates are effective to isomerize the one or more LAOs into one or more of LIOs, skeletal isomerized branched olefins, or combinations thereof. The isomerized product may be incorporated in drilling fluids, particularly those intended for subsea use, due to their favorable environmental profile and low pour points.

Abstract: Processes are described for isomerizing one or more C4-C24 alpha olefins to produce an isomerization mixture comprising one or more C4-C24 internal olefins comprising contacting an olefinic feed comprising the one or more C4-C24 alpha olefins with a catalyst under isomerization conditions, wherein the catalyst comprises a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, and mixtures or combinations thereof, and wherein the microporous crystalline aluminosilicate has a SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of less than or equal to about 100. The resulting isomerization mixture typically exhibits a lower pour point and maintained biodegradability properties as compared to the olefinic feed, and is particularly useful in drilling fluid and paper sizing compositions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of making a PAO characterized by a low viscosity, low Noack volatility, and excellent cold temperature properties, using a promoter system comprising an alcohol and an ester. The products comprise trimers obtained by fractionating a hydrogenated bottoms product from an oligomerization process using said promoter system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for providing a tobacco extract. A tobacco material and extraction solvent are provided physically separated from each other. The extraction solvent is then volatized. The tobacco material is subjected to extraction conditions by contacting the tobacco material with the volatized extraction solvent to provide a tobacco extract within the volatized extraction solvent. The extraction conditions include (i) maintaining the pressure of the tobacco material and extraction solvent at less than about 10 mm of Hg pressure and (ii) maintaining the tobacco material and extraction solvent at a temperature of greater than about 30.degree. C. and less than the boiling point at atmospheric pressure of the volatized extraction solvent.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for expanding tobacco wherein tobacco is impregnated with gaseous 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and thereafter heated in an expansion zone to liberate the 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and cause expansion of the tobacco. The process of the invention can provide substantial expansion of tobacco cut filler lamina without substantial generation of tobacco fines and employing substantially mild pressures of, for example, less than about 3,000 psi and with minimal effect on tobacco flavor.

Abstract: A cigarette includes a longitudinally segmented filter element. The filter element includes a segment including at least one organic acid such that greater than 30 weight percent of that segment is organic acid. The cigarette, when smoked, yields tobacco smoke which is not overly harsh.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the treatment of tobacco material and other biological materials includes a mechanism comprising a dynamic seal having components having cooperating movable surfaces for sealing a treatment chamber that substantially prevents the passage of fluid at the treatment chamber pressure during movement of the components for introducing material into and removing material from the chamber. The seal components preferably comprise advanced structural ceramic components having a hardness of at least 900 kg/mm.sup.2 and a flatness of at least 70 microinches. The process is preferably conducted at supercritical gaseous conditions.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for expanding tobacco wherein tobacco is impregnated with sulfur hexafluoride and thereafter heated in an expansion zone to liberate the sulfur hexafluoride and cause expansion of the tobacco. The process of the invention can provide substantial expansion of tobacco cut filler lamina without substantial generation of tobacco fines and employing substantially mild pressure of, for example, less than about 2,000 psi and with minimal effect on tobacco taste. The invention additionally provides an intermediate tobacco product comprising tobacco cut filler lamina impregnated with sulfur hexafluoride in a substantially pliable and unextracted condition.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for increasing the filling capacity of tobacco wherein tobacco is contacted with a mixture of an inert, normally gaseous expansion agent and about 15-35 weight percent of carbon dioxide at a pressure above the critical pressure of the mixture and a temperature above the critical temperature of the mixture, followed by rapid release of pressure to provide expanded tobacco without a subsequent heating step. Advantageously, the expansion agent is propane.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for measuring volatile residuals in a material utilizes high speed cutting and circulating blades in a closed container. The cutting blades reduce the size of the particles and thereby expose greater amounts of particle surface area. The circulating blades continually direct particles of material into contact with the cutting blades and also uniformly distribute the volatile residuals throughout the closed container.