Abstract: The invention relates to a detector or sensor for the detection of chemical species or photons. This detector uses a field effect transistor having a semiconducting material substrate (1) in which are defined a source (3) and a drain (5), a gate (9) separated from the substrate by an insulating layer, an external energy source for polarizing the drain, source and gate of the transistor, a film (11), which is conductive or which can be rendered conductive and which is sensitive to the chemical species or photons to be detected, and an ammeter for measuring an electric current variation of the transistor. The arrangement of the film (11) between the connections of the gate (9) and the drain (5) makes it possible to modify the polarization voltage of the transistor gate under the effect of the species to be detected, which is represented by a variation of the current between the drain and the source, when the transistor is correctly polarized.

Abstract: The invention relates to bidimensional organic membranes or diaphragms and to their preparation processes.These diaphragms have at least one monomolecular layer of organic molecules A, such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines and porphyrazines. In a layer, each molecule A is directly or indirectly bonded to n (n.gtoreq.3) identical molecules A by n bonds arranged symmetrically with respect to the center of the molecule A.Therefore there diaphragms have microscopic physical properties identical in at least two directions of the plane of the diaphragm. They can be used as conductive diaphragms.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microlithographic process for producing circuits using organic, conductive films sensitive to electromagnetic radiation and to charged particles.This process for producing electricity conducting zones on a substrate consists of depositing on said substrate a coating of an electricity conducting, organic compound, such as alkyl pyridinium-tetracyanoquinodimethane and then irradiating certain locations (2,3) of the coating by means of charged particles and/or electromagnetic radiation, so that the irradiated locations become insulating and that on the organic compound coating the electricity conducting zones (1) are directly formed at the desired locations.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for the detection of molecular or ionic species, comprising:(a) contacting a gaseous or liquid medium containing the species to be detected with a film comprising at least one monomolecular layer of amphiphilic compound chosen from among the tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) charge transfer complexes and the tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) salts, which conduct electricity or are precursors of electricity conducting charge transfer complexes and(b) determining the variation of one of the physical properties of the film.It is in particular possible to use layers of TCNQ alkyl-pyridinium, TCNQ alkyl-quinolinium, for detecting iodine, nitrogen oxides and fluoric compounds.

Abstract: Electrically-conducting films comprising at least one monomolecular layer of an organic charge transfer complex and their production process.These films comprise at least one monomolecular layer of an organic charge transfer complex having at least one electron acceptor group and at least one electron donor group, the electron acceptor and/or donor group having at least one hydrocarbon chain with 16 to 30 carbon atoms and the electron acceptor and/or donor groups being organized in such a way that two adjacent groups of the same type, namely electron donors or electron acceptors, can be sufficiently coupled in the plane of the layer to exchange an electron and ensure an electrical conduction in said plane.The charge transfer complex can be an alkyl pyridinium-tetracyanoquinodimethane.

Abstract: Process for producing a film having at least one monomolecular layer of non-amphiphilic molecules.This process comprises the following stages:(a) combining non-amphiphilic molecules A, such as pyridine, with amphiphilic molecules B, such as a zinc porphyrin, in order to form a complex of molecules A and B;(b) forming on the surface of the liquid a monomolecular layer of the thus obtained complex, and(c) transferring the thus formed monomolecular layer to a rigid support.Molecules A and B can form between them a charge transfer complex, e.g. TCNQ-alkyl pyridinium which makes it possible to obtain laminated structures of organic conductors.

Abstract: Tank for depositing a monomolecular film. It comprises a tank having walls and a base and containing a liquid, a barrier defining two areas on the surface of the liquid, means for displacing the barrier on the surface of the liquid, at least one substrate and means for displacing the substrate. The level of the liquid is below the horizontal rim of the tank. The barrier has a break at each of its ends and rests on the edges of the tank. The break defines a narrower portion partly submerged in the liquid. Sealing means are provided between the faces of the narrower portion and the facing walls.

Abstract: The material comprises a membrane constituted either by at least one monomolecular layer of amphiphilic molecules, or by amphiphilic molecules adsorbed on a substrate, and microaggregates of the metal, inorganic compound or organometallic compound retained on or in the membrane. It is prepared from a membrane containing a metal ion or a precursor compound of said metal, inorganic compound or organometallic compound, by reacting the ion or precursor compound fixed in the membrane with at least one reagent for forming the metal, inorganic compound or organometallic compound in situ in the membrane. For example, the membrane can be constituted by monomolecular layers of behenic acid, which is then converted into silver behenate by contacting with a silver nitrate solution. Silver microaggregates are then formed in the membrane by reducing the silver behenate by means of hydrazine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and to an apparatus for producing alternate monomolecular layers. In per se known manner, a substrate is passed through the surface of a liquid contained in a vessel and over which has previously been spread a monomolecular layer of a given substance. According to the invention, the vessel is subdivided into two compartments. A monomolecular layer is deposited on the surface of the liquid contained in each of the compartments. The latter are arranged in such a way that there can be no contact between the monomolecular layers in each of them and the substrate is alternately moved between the compartments.

Abstract: Photosensitive film which can be used in microgravure, wherein it comprises at least one organic monomolecular layer having amphiphilic molecules with at least one irradiation polymerizable function and one aliphatic chain with at least 12 carbon atoms, a polymerizable function being located at the hydrophobic end of said molecules.The photosensitive films can be used with particular advantage in the production of microetched objects, such as optical and holographic systems, integrated optical devices and electronic microcircuits.

Abstract: The monomolecular layer is first formed from a solution of amphiphilic molecules by introduction of the solution on a liquid surface which is divided into at least two compartments by at least one rotatable and partly immersed horizontal member. The solvent is then removed and the horizontal member is driven in rotation so as to apply a predetermined pressure to said layer as this latter is transferred from one compartment to the next, the layer being finally deposited on a substrate.This a division of application Ser. No. 765,063, filed Feb. 2, 1977, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,757, issued June 6, 1978.

Abstract: The monomolecular layer is first formed from a solution of amphiphilic molecules by introduction of the solution on a liquid surface which is divided into at least two compartments by at least one rotatable and partly immersed horizontal member. The solvent is then removed and the horizontal member is driven in rotation so as to apply a predetermined pressure to said layer as this latter is transferred from one compartment to the next, the layer being finally deposited on a substrate.

Abstract: The dielectric material is constituted by monomolecular layers of an organic substance, the molecules of which have a long aliphatic chain terminating in a hydrophilic group. The substance is selected from the group in which a lateral group is grafted onto the aliphatic chain and is capable of exchanging a hydrogen bond with an identical adjacent molecule.