Abstract: A method of determining nanoparticle properties of nanoparticles (2) included in a sample (1), comprising the steps of collecting sequential frames of images by employing an interferometric microscope device (110), wherein the sample (1) is illuminated with illumination light (3) from a coherent light source device (111) and the images are created by scattering light (4) from the nanoparticles (2) superimposed with non-scattered reference light, said scattering light and reference light having a wavelength larger than a cross-sectional dimension of the nanoparticles (2), tracking the nanoparticles (2) in the sequential frames of images, wherein at least one interferometric point spread function (iPSF) feature of each of the nanoparticles (2) is established and nanoparticle trajectory motion data are determined for each nanoparticle (2), comprising the nanoparticle positions in each frame, for each nanoparticle (2), calculating a nanoparticle size d from the trajectory motion data of the nanoparticle and calcu

Abstract: Presented is a hydraulic coupling for an actuating system for actuating a motor vehicle clutch. The hydraulic coupling includes a socket part defining an internal recess, a plug part configured for insertion into the socket part, a locking element that engages with the plug part and the socket part in an assembled state of the hydraulic coupling and which holds the plug part and the socket part captively together, a damping element that is configured for damping undesirable vibrations, with the damping element being supported on the locking element, and a support element disposed between the damping element and the locking element and extending around the entire circumference of the damping element.

Abstract: A master cylinder for a hydraulically actuated clutch or brake system in a motor vehicle includes a piston in a housing, the piston being axially movable in the housing by a piston rod. The piston rod has a ball-shaped head, at least certain areas of which are surrounded by first and second shell-like support elements which form a ball socket, so that the piston and the piston rod are connected to each other essentially without play, but are still free to swivel with respect to each other. The support elements are arranged at least in part inside a piston shaft sleeve, against which these elements may be supported when forces introduced via the piston rod act upon them. The first support element has a hemispherical shell to enclose half of the ball-shaped head. The other side of the ball-shaped head, except for a certain clearance required for swiveling, is surrounded by a support element with a spherical-segment-shaped ring, through the opening in which the piston rod passes.

Abstract: In a master/slave cylinder system for clutches or brakes, primary seals have bevels which interact with similar bevels of formations on housings of the respective cylinders. Along with the lowest possible friction in the region of the sealing lips, this permits carrying out uncomplicated pressure/negative-pressure filling in the case of the master cylinder. The primary seals slide by the wedge of effects in the direction of the pressure on the bevels of the annular formations and reduce the annular bearing face of the sealing lip in a frictionally optimized manner.