Abstract: A virtual beam's-eye view of a planning target volume is generated based on volumetric image data acquired immediately prior to radiation therapy by a radiation therapy system. The virtual beam's-eye view can then be displayed to confirm that, with the patient disposed in the current position, the planned beam-delivered treatment extends beyond the surface of the skin. In some embodiments, the virtual beam's-eye view can be displayed in conjunction with a beam's-eye view that is generated based on volumetric image data acquired during treatment planning, to create a blended beam's-eye view. In some embodiments, a field outline of a treatment beam can be superimposed on the blended beam's-eye view, thereby illustrating whether the planned beam-delivered treatment extends beyond the surface of the skin of the patient. The blended beam's-eye view can facilitate a manual confirmation process that verifies the planned beam-delivered treatment extends beyond the surface of the skin.

Abstract: A method for measuring an electrical conductivity of a medium with a conductive conductivity sensor with four electrodes includes measuring a first impedance dependent on a first total impedance of the first voltage electrode and a medium layer adjacent to the first voltage electrode, measuring a second impedance dependent on a second total impedance of the second voltage electrode and a medium layer adjacent to the second voltage electrode, and making a conductivity measurement using an alternating electrical signal introduced into the medium via the first current electrode and measuring a potential difference between the first voltage electrode and the second voltage electrode. Based on the measured potential difference, the first impedance, and the second impedance a corrected potential difference is determined. Based on the corrected potential difference, a measured conductivity is determined.

Abstract: A method for measuring an electrical conductivity of a medium with a conductive conductivity sensor with four electrodes includes measuring a first impedance dependent on a first total impedance of the first voltage electrode and a medium layer adjacent to the first voltage electrode, measuring a second impedance dependent on a second total impedance of the second voltage electrode and a medium layer adjacent to the second voltage electrode, and making a conductivity measurement using an alternating electrical signal introduced into the medium via the first current electrode and measuring a potential difference between the first voltage electrode and the second voltage electrode. Based on the measured potential difference, the first impedance, and the second impedance a corrected potential difference is determined. Based on the corrected potential difference, a measured conductivity is determined.

Abstract: A conductive conductivity sensor, comprising: a probe immersible in a measured medium. The probe has an inner space, which is connected to an environment of the probe via at least one opening leading out from the inner space and in which are arranged two electrodes, which are supplied with an alternating voltage during measurement operation and which have inner surfaces facing into the inner space and outwardly facing outer surfaces covered by insulation, wherein the inner surfaces have edge surfaces adjoining the openings. Measuring characteristics of the conductivity sensor have a smallest possible dependence on objects arranged in the vicinity of the conductivity sensor. At least the edge surfaces adjoining one of the openings have a surface geometry directing thereon beginning or ending, electric field lines in a direction facing away from such opening and into the inner space.

Abstract: An inductively working sensor for determining the conductivity of a liquid medium.

Abstract: A method for operating an inductive conductivity-measuring cell having a primary circuit with a sending coil, a secondary circuit with a receiver coil, and a short-circuit path, which passes through the sending coil and the receiver coil. The sending coil couples via the short-circuit path inductively with the receiver coil, wherein, in the case of closed short-circuit path, a first electrical signal present in the primary circuit is measured, and wherein the first signal is compared with, and/or weighed against, values, which are furnished or stored.

Abstract: A conductive conductivity sensor, comprising: a probe immersible in a measured medium. The probe has an inner space, which is connected to an environment of the probe via at least one opening leading out from the inner space and in which are arranged two electrodes, which are supplied with an alternating voltage during measurement operation and which have inner surfaces facing into the inner space and outwardly facing outer surfaces covered by insulation, wherein the inner surfaces have edge surfaces adjoining the openings. Measuring characteristics of the conductivity sensor have a smallest possible dependence on objects arranged in the vicinity of the conductivity sensor. At least the edge surfaces adjoining one of the openings have a surface geometry directing thereon beginning or ending, electric field lines in a direction facing away from such opening and into the inner space.

Abstract: An inductively working sensor for determining the conductivity of a liquid medium.

Abstract: A method for operating an inductive conductivity-measuring cell having a primary circuit with a sending coil, a secondary circuit with a receiver coil, and a short-circuit path, which passes through the sending coil and the receiver coil. The sending coil couples via the short-circuit path inductively with the receiver coil, wherein, in the case of closed short-circuit path, a first electrical signal present in the primary circuit is measured, and wherein the first signal is compared with, and/or weighed against, values, which are furnished or stored.