Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of Melphalan (4-[bis(2-5 chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine of formula (I) said process comprising the reaction of a 4-amino-L-phenylalanine protected at the carboxy and amino aminoacidic groups with an agent able to convert the aromatic amino group into a group of formula: —N(CH2CH2OS(O)nO—)2, wherein n is 1 or 2 followed by conversion of the ?N(CH2CH2OS(O)nO—)2 group into a —N(CH2CH2Cl)2 group. The invention also provides novel intermediates useful for the preparation of Melphalan.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of Melphalan (4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine of formula (I) said process comprising the reaction of a 4-amino-L-phenylalanine protected at the carboxy and amino aminoacidic groups with an agent able to convert the aromatic amino group into a group of formula: —N(CH2CH2OS(O)nO?)2, wherein n is 1 or 2 followed by conversion of the —N(CH2CH2OS(O)nO?)2 group into a —N(CH2CH2Cl)2 group. The invention also provides novel intermediates useful for the preparation of Melphalan.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of Melphalan (4-[bis(2-5 chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine of formula (I) said process comprising the reaction of a 4-amino-L-phenylalanine protected at the carboxy and amino aminoacidic groups with an agent able to convert the aromatic amino group into a group of formula: —N(CH2CH2OS(O)nO—)2, wherein n is 1 or 2 followed by conversion of the ?N(CH2CH2OS(O)nO—)2 group into a —N(CH2CH2Cl)2 group. The invention also provides novel intermediates useful for the preparation of Melphalan.

Abstract: Embodiments include circuits, apparatuses, and systems for voltage level shifter monitors. In embodiments, a voltage level shifter monitor may include a first signal generator to generate a signal in a first voltage domain, a second signal generator to generate a second signal in a second voltage domain, where the second digital signal corresponds to the first digital signal, a voltage level shifter replica circuit to convert the first digital signal from the first voltage domain to a third digital signal in the second voltage domain, and a comparison circuit to generate a digital error signal based at least in part on the second digital signal and the third digital signal. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: Embodiments include circuits, apparatuses, and systems for voltage level shifter monitors. In embodiments, a voltage level shifter monitor may include a first signal generator to generate a signal in a first voltage domain, a second signal generator to generate a second signal in a second voltage domain, where the second digital signal corresponds to the first digital signal, a voltage level shifter replica circuit to convert the first digital signal from the first voltage domain to a third digital signal in the second voltage domain, and a comparison circuit to generate a digital error signal based at least in part on the second digital signal and the third digital signal. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: In a urea-synthesis installation, the problem of the condensation of the ammonium carbamate is solved by providing a condensation zone composed of a horizontal tube bundle which is placed under the static pressure of a liquid head. The ratio of the liquid head height to the diameter of the circumference encompassing the outermost tube layer of the bundle of tubes is critical: it should be between 5 and 30, 10 being the preferred value.

Abstract: Improved integrated process for simultaneous synthesis of ammonia and urea. Improved yields of urea in purified form are obtained by a simple process which curtails the addition of external water to the process. Two carbon dioxide absorbers are employed. A concentrated ammonium carbonate solution is utilized in the primary carbon dioxide absorber. A secondary carbon dioxide absorber is downstream in series to the first or primary carbon dioxide absorber. An ammonical solution of ammonium carbonate is utilized in the secondary carbon dioxide absorber.