Abstract: The accuracy of existing machine learning models, software technologies, and computers are improved by using one or more machine learning models to map data inside structural elements, such as rows or columns, as found within a document to data objects of other documents, where the data objects are at least partially indicative of candidate categories that the data can belong to.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a thermal desorption (TD) tube sampler. The sampler comprises a first connector configured to reversibly connect to a TD tube containing a sample, and a second connector configured to couple to a direct injection mass spectrometer. The TD tube sampler is configured to desorb a sample in a TD tube connected thereto, and feed the desorbed sample from the TD tube to a direct injection mass spectrometer such that the desorbed sample does not pass through a cold trap.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a thermal desorption (TD) tube sampler. The sampler comprises a first connector configured to reversibly connect to a TD tube containing a sample, and a second connector configured to couple to a direct injection mass spectrometer. The TD tube sampler is configured to desorb a sample in a TD tube connected thereto, and feed the desorbed sample from the TD tube to a direct injection mass spectrometer such that the desorbed sample does not pass through a cold trap.

Abstract: A method of controlling an external-cavity tuneable laser which has a wavelength-elective tuneable mirror, in which wavelength selectivity is achieved by an electrical signal provided by an alternating voltage. The tuneable mirror has a liquid crystal material, a diffraction grating and a planar waveguide optically interacting with the grating. The diffraction grating and the waveguide form a resonant structure that reflects only a selected resonance wavelength from among all the other wavelengths impinging thereon. Depending on the amplitude of the voltage applied to the tunable mirror, the tuneable mirror reflects radiation only at a given wavelength. The lasing output wavelength of the laser is selected to correspond to the resonance wavelength of the tuneable mirror. Accurate selection of the emission wavelength (frequency) of the tuneable laser by the tuneable mirror can be derived from the analysis of the signal modulation induced by the AC voltage applied to the tuneable mirror.

Abstract: A single-mode external-cavity tuneable laser includes a gain medium, a tuneable element and a channel allocation grid element. The channel allocation grid element is preferably an FP etalon which is structured and configured to define a plurality of equally spaced transmission peaks corresponding to the ITU channel grid, e.g., 200, 100, 50 or 25 GHz. The tuneable element, preferably a tuneable mirror, serves as the coarse tuning element that discriminates between the peaks of the grid etalon. The tuneable laser of the invention has a relatively short cavity length of not more than 15 mm, preferably not larger than 12 mm. It has been found that the FP etalon introduces a phase non-linearity in the external cavity, which induces a compression of the cavity modes, i.e., a reduction in the cavity mode spacing, in correspondence to the etalon transmission peaks. Mode compression increases with the decrease of the FWHM bandwidth of the grid FP etalon, hereafter referred to as (FWHM)FP.

Abstract: A method of controlling an external-cavity tuneable laser which has a wavelength-elective tuneable mirror, in which wavelength selectivity is achieved by an electrical signal provided by an alternating voltage. The tuneable mirror has a liquid crystal material, a diffraction grating and a planar waveguide optically interacting with the grating. The diffraction grating and the waveguide form a resonant structure that reflects only a selected resonance wavelength from among all the other wavelengths impinging thereon. Depending on the amplitude of the voltage applied to the tunable mirror, the tuneable mirror reflects radiation only at a given wavelength. The lasing output wavelength of the laser is selected to correspond to the resonance wavelength of the tuneable mirror. Accurate selection of the emission wavelength (frequency) of the tuneable laser by the tuneable mirror can be derived from the analysis of the signal modulation induced by the AC voltage applied to the tuneable mirror.

Abstract: A single-mode external-cavity tuneable laser includes a gain medium, a tuneable element and a channel allocation grid element. The channel allocation grid element is preferably an FP etalon which is structured and configured to define a plurality of equally spaced transmission peaks corresponding to the ITU channel grid, e.g., 200, 100, 50 or 25 GHz. The tuneable element, preferably a tuneable mirror, serves as the coarse tuning element that discriminates between the peaks of the grid etalon. The tuneable laser of the invention has a relatively short cavity length of not more than 15 mm, preferably not larger than 12 mm. It has been found that the FP etalon introduces a phase non-linearity in the external cavity, which induces a compression of the cavity modes, i.e., a reduction in the cavity mode spacing, in correspondence to the etalon transmission peaks. Mode compression increases with the decrease of the FWHM bandwidth of the grid FP etalon, hereafter referred to as (FWHM)FP.