Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for producing a pulverulent product, comprising a device for dropletization (5) of a liquid phase, an addition point (15) for a gas above the device for dropletization (5), at least one gas withdrawal point (19) on the circumference of the apparatus (1), a solid withdrawal point (12) and a tower shell (13) between the device for dropletization (5) and the gas withdrawal point (19) and having, above the solid withdrawal point (12), a region (11) having at least partly a decreasing hydraulic diameter toward the solid withdrawal point (12) and having a maximum hydraulic diameter greater than the mean hydraulic diameter of the tower shell (13), and the tower shell (13) projecting into the region (11) having at least partly a decreasing hydraulic diameter such that an annular duct (23) is formed between the part of the tower shell (13) projecting into the region (11) having at least partly a decreasing hydraulic diameter and the upper part (27) of the region having at least pa

Abstract: An apparatus for production of pulverulent polymers having a reactor for droplet polymerization with an apparatus for dropletization of a monomer solution for the preparation of the polymer. The apparatus for dropletization has holes through which the monomer solution is introduced, an addition point for a gas above the apparatus for dropletization, at least one gas withdrawal point at the periphery of the reactor and a fluidized bed, wherein at least one of the following is fulfilled: an apparatus for increasing turbulence in the gas flow is disposed in the region of the apparatus for dropletization of the monomer solution, an apparatus for increasing turbulence in the gas flow is disposed in the region of the addition point for the gas, the addition point for gas is configured such that elevated turbulence is generated. A process for producing pulverulent polymers, in which an increase in flow turbulence in the gas flow in the region of the apparatus for dropletization also is disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for production of pulverulent polymers having a reactor for droplet polymerization with an apparatus for dropletization of a monomer solution for the preparation of the polymer. The apparatus for dropletization has holes through which the monomer solution is introduced, an addition point for a gas above the apparatus for dropletization, at least one gas withdrawal point at the periphery of the reactor and a fluidized bed, wherein at least one of the following is fulfilled: an apparatus for increasing turbulence in the gas flow is disposed in the region of the apparatus for dropletization of the monomer solution, an apparatus for increasing turbulence in the gas flow is disposed in the region of the addition point for the gas, the addition point for gas is configured such that elevated turbulence is generated. A process for producing pulverulent polymers, in which an increase in flow turbulence in the gas flow in the region of the apparatus for dropletization also is disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for addition of droplets of a monomer solution for production of poly(meth)acrylate to a reactor for droplet polymerization, comprising at least one channel or a dropletizer head having, at its base, holes through which the solution is dropletized into the reactor, at least one of the following features being fulfilled: (a) the ratio of the area covered by the channels or the dropletizer head in the reactor relative to the area which is defined by the circumference of a line along the outermost holes is less than 50%, (b) the number of holes relative to the area which is defined by the circumference of a line along the outermost holes is within a range from 100 to 1000 holes/m2.

Abstract: Preparation of isobutene homopolymers having a weight-average molecular weight of 75 000 to 10 000 000 by polymerization of isobutene, by (a) performing the polymerization at ?80° C. to ?190° C., (b) using, as an inert solvent, optionally halogenated C1 to C5 hydrocarbons, (c) using, as a polymerization catalyst, a Lewis acid complex, (d) performing the polymerization in the presence of at least one reaction accelerator in the form of an ethylenically saturated hydrocarbon compound comprising one oxygen atom and no abstractable proton, and (e) performing the polymerization in the presence of at least one chain length regulator comprising one tertiary olefinic carbon atom.

Abstract: An apparatus for introducing droplets of a monomer solution for production of poly(meth)acrylate into a reactor for droplet polymerization, comprising at least one channel or a dropletizer head, the channel or the dropletizer head being sealed at its base by a dropletizer plate, the dropletizer plate having holes through which the monomer solution is introduced into the reactor, and the dropletizer plate being configured such that holes that, in an axially symmetric dropletizer plate or in an annular dropletizer plate or in one configured as a ring segment, are not on a center line of the dropletizer plate or, in the case of a circular dropletizer plate, are not at the center of the dropletizer plate are aligned such that monomer solution is introduced through the holes into the reactor at an angle to the vertical, and the holes in the case of a radial alignment of axially symmetric dropletizer plates being aligned such that the angle at which the monomer solution is introduced into the reactor decreases in t

Abstract: An apparatus for production of pulverulent poly(meth)acrylate, comprising a reactor or droplet polymerization, having an apparatus for dropletization of a monomer solution for the production of the poly(meth)acrylate, having holes through which the solution is dropletized, an addition point for a gas above the apparatus for dropletization, at least one gas withdrawal point on the periphery of the reactor and a fluidized bed. The outermost holes through which the solution is dropletized are positioned such that a droplet falling vertically downward falls into the fluidized bed and the hydraulic diameter at the level of the midpoint between the apparatus for dropletization and the gas withdrawal point is at least 10% greater than the hydraulic diameter of the fluidized bed.

Abstract: An apparatus for introducing droplets of a monomer solution for production of poly(meth)acrylate into a reactor for droplet polymerization, comprising at least one channel or a dropletizer head, the channel or the dropletizer head being sealed at its base by a dropletizer plate, the dropletizer plate having holes through which the monomer solution is introduced into the reactor, and the dropletizer plate being configured such that holes that, in an axially symmetric dropletizer plate or in an annular dropletizer plate or in one configured as a ring segment, are not on a center line of the dropletizer plate or, in the case of a circular dropletizer plate, are not at the center of the dropletizer plate are aligned such that monomer solution is introduced through the holes into the reactor at an angle to the vertical, and the holes in the case of a radial alignment of axially symmetric dropletizer plates being aligned such that the angle at which the monomer solution is introduced into the reactor decreases in t

Abstract: An apparatus for addition of droplets of a monomer solution for production of poly(meth)acrylate to a reactor for droplet polymerization, comprising at least one channel or a dropletizer head having, at its base, holes through which the solution is dropletized into the reactor, at least one of the following features being fulfilled: (a) the ratio of the area covered by the channels or the dropletizer head in the reactor relative to the area which is defined by the circumference of a line along the outermost holes is less than 50%, (b) the number of holes relative to the area which is defined by the circumference of a line along the outermost holes is within a range from 100 to 1000 holes/m2.

Abstract: A structural element with a controllable heat transfer coefficient comprises a frame. A first sheet and a second sheet opposite one another are arranged in the frame. The sheets and the frame have the effect of defining a closed-off volume which is filled with at least one gas. At least one two-dimensional element is arranged between the sheets. An upper intermediate space is formed between the two-dimensional element and the frame vertically upwardly and a lower intermediate space is formed between the two-dimensional element in the frame vertically downwardly. A first cavity is between the first sheet and the two-dimensional element. A second cavity is between the two-dimensional element and the second sheet. The cavities are connected via the upper intermediate space and the lower intermediate space such that a convection flows between the cavities via the intermediate spaces. At least one means arranged in the intermediate spaces controls the convection flow.

Abstract: A reactor for carrying out a three-phase reaction of a liquid phase, a gaseous phase, and a catalyst over a fixed catalyst bed is disclosed. The liquid and gaseous phases are passed through the reactor via a mixing and distribution device positioned over the fixed catalyst bed. The mixing and distribution device includes a trough distributor for the liquid phase, having trough-shaped channels, outlet tubes in the trough-shaped channels for the liquid phase, a distributor plate below the trough distributor, and vertical nozzles, having one or more openings for the gaseous phase and one or more openings, arranged below the openings for the gaseous phase. For entry of the liquid phase, the nozzles are installed so that, at a predetermined liquid feed rate, the surface of the liquid on the distributor plate is below the openings for the gaseous phase and above the openings for the liquid phase.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and to an apparatus for continuous living polymerization of cationically polymerizable monomers, in which at least three feedstocks are mixed in one or more mixers with microstructures and then polymerized in at least one reaction zone.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing an isocyanate, which involves contacting fluid streams of amine, phosgene and inert medium in at least one mixing device, such that an inert medium stream is metered at least between one amine stream and one phosgene stream within the mixing device, and then reacting an amine with phosgene in a reaction chamber to form an isocyanate. In this process the inert medium stream is metered such that a point of first contact of the amine and the phosgene occurs at a distance from a surface of the mixing device, and a turbulent flow is present in the reaction chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the continuous production of a polymer by radical polymerization, wherein at least three materials are mixed with microstructures in one or more mixers and are then polymerized in at least one reaction zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing isocyanates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing an isocyanate, which involves contacting fluid streams of amine, phosgene and inert medium in at least one mixing device, such that an inert medium stream is metered at least between one amine stream and one phosgene stream within the mixing device, and then reacting an amine with phosgene in a reaction chamber to form an isocyanate. In this process the inert medium stream is metered such that a point of first contact of the amine and the phosgene occurs at a distance from a surface of the mixing device, and a turbulent flow is present in the reaction chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing isocyanates and an apparatus suitable for this purpose, and also its use. In the process, an amine and phosgene, both in the gas phase, react in the presence of an inert medium. A number, n, of amine streams are reacted with a number, n +1, of phosgene streams in a reactor. The number n is a positive integer of at least 1. All amine and phosgene streams are introduced into the reactor through annular gaps for mixing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing isocyanates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing isocyanates in the gas phase.

Abstract: A process for producing polymer particles by polymerizing liquid droplets in a gas phase by metering a liquid comprising at least one monomer from at least one feed by means of a multitude of bores into a reaction chamber comprising the gas phase, wherein ratio of length of the feed to greatest diameter of the feed in the region of the multitude of bores is at least 10.