Abstract: A fluidizing nozzle for introducing fluid into a fluidized bed reactor and a fluidized bed reactor. The fluidizing nozzle includes a nozzle tube limiting at least a part of a feed channel in which fluid is configured to flow, at least one fluid discharge opening arranged near a downstream end of the nozzle tube, and a pot-like hood, which sealingly closes the nozzle tube with a hood cover of the pot-like hood at the downstream end of the nozzle tube at which said at least one fluid discharge opening is provided. The feed channel is provided with a flow restriction element defining at least one flow restriction feed channel upstream of said at least one fluid discharge opening.

Abstract: A fluidizing nozzle for introducing fluid into a fluidized bed reactor and a fluidized bed reactor. The fluidizing nozzle includes a nozzle tube limiting at least a part of a feed channel in which fluid is configured to flow, at least one fluid discharge opening arranged near a downstream end of the nozzle tube, and a pot-like hood, which sealingly closes the nozzle tube with a hood cover of the pot-like hood at the downstream end of the nozzle tube at which said at least one fluid discharge opening is provided. The feed channel is provided with a flow restriction element defining at least one flow restriction feed channel upstream of said at least one fluid discharge opening.

Abstract: A plant for refining raw materials containing organic constituents includes a reactor configured to receive raw materials; a furnace configured to receive solids and fuel from the reactor; a return conduit configured to recirculate hot solids generated in the furnace to the reactor; and a sealing device configured to separate an oxidizing atmosphere of the furnace from an atmosphere of the reactor. The sealing device includes: a downpipe disposed between the furnace and the reactor, the downpipe being configured to withdraw a stream of solids from the furnace; a rising pipe disposed near a bottom of the downpipe and branching off there from to a top, the rising pipe being configured to transport a fluidized stream of solids to the reactor; and a conveying gas supply disposed below the rising pipe, the conveying gas supply being configured to fluidize a stream of solids withdrawn from the furnace.

Abstract: A method for producing char and fuel gas includes degasifying a carbonaceous material with oxygen-containing gases in a fluidized bed reactor at a temperature of more than about 1000° C. and at a pressure of from about 1 bar to about 40 bar. A supply of oxygen within the fluidized bed reactor is adjusted so as to recover more than 60% of fixed carbon in the carbonaceous material in a char product, and an oxygen availability in a lower or bottom region of the fluidized bed reactor is less than 80% of an oxygen availability in an upper region of the fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A heat exchanger (1) for treating bulk material comprises an elongated pipe (2) having an inlet (3) for introducing the bulk material at one end and an outlet (4) for withdrawing the bulk material at the other end. A plurality of heat exchange tubes (5) extends along the longitudinal direction of the pipe (2), and a plurality of fluidization nozzles (9, 9a) for introducing a fluidizing gas is provided at the bottom (10) of the pipe (2).

Abstract: A plant for chemical or physical treatment of granular solids includes a fluidized-bed reactor, a solids supply conduit and a central gas supply tube. A cooling tube is disposed relative to the gas supply tube so as to form an annular cooling duct, which is configured to cool the gas supply tube and the process gas and is connected with a coolant source configured to supply a coolant with a temperature of below about 400° C. Outlet openings are disposed in the cooling tube. The fluidized-bed reactor is a Venturi reactor in which the cooling tube opens into a flared portion with the outlet openings connecting the annular cooling duct with the reactor interior. The cooling tube adjoins the gas supply tube and extends substantially parallel to the flared portion of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for dedusting a dust laden vapor gas mixture (VGM) obtained by pyrolysis of a material containing hydrocarbons includes treating the dust laden VGM in a dry electrostatic precipitator at a temperature in a range from 380 to 480° C. so as to separate dust from the VGM. Then, the VGM is cooled to a temperature in a range from 310 to 360° C.

Abstract: A plant for producing char and fuel gas includes a fluidized bed reactor having a first inlet in a lower region of the fluidized bed reactor configured to supply a primary fluidizing gas, a second inlet disposed above the first inlet and configured to supply a secondary gas, and a third inlet configured to supply dried and crushed coal. A further reactor is configured to perform a further process, the further reactor being directly connected to the fluidized bed reactor via a first conduit. A pneumatic injection and/or transportation system is disposed between the fluidized bed reactor and the further reactor. The first inlet is connected to a first supply of a first gas having an oxygen content which is smaller than a second supply of an oxygen enriched second gas connected to the second inlet.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen for use in a subsequent methanation process includes electrochemically converting water into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is depleted with electrolyte aerosols. Then, the electrolyte aerosols are separated from the depleted hydrogen in a wet electrostatic precipitator in a hydrogen atmosphere.

Abstract: A process for winning oil from a vapor gas mixture (VGM) containing a plurality of oil fractions obtained by the pyrolysis of a hydrocarbon containing material includes dedusting and cooling the VGM. The dedusted and cooled VGM are fractionated in at least two electrostatic precipitator stages at respective temperatures corresponding to respective boiling points of the oil fractions so as to separate the oil fractions.

Abstract: A plant for refining raw materials containing organic constituents includes a reactor configured to receive raw materials; a furnace configured to receive solids and fuel from the reactor; a return conduit configured to recirculate hot solids generated in the furnace to the reactor; and a sealing device configured to separate an oxidizing atmosphere of the furnace from an atmosphere of the reactor. The sealing device includes: a downpipe disposed between the furnace and the reactor, the downpipe being configured to withdraw a stream of solids from the furnace; a rising pipe disposed near a bottom of the downpipe and branching off there from to a top, the rising pipe being configured to transport a fluidized stream of solids to the reactor; and a conveying gas supply disposed below the rising pipe, the conveying gas supply being configured to fluidize a stream of solids withdrawn from the furnace.

Abstract: A process for refining raw materials containing at least one of oil and bitumen includes supplying the raw materials to a reactor and volatilizing fuel gas in the reactor at a temperature of from 300 to 1000° C. and a pressure of from 0.001 to 1 bar. Solids remaining in the reactor, including non-evaporated fractions of heavy hydrocarbons, are introduced into a furnace. A staged combustion of the non-evaporated fractions of heavy hydrocarbons is performed in a substoichiometric stage and in a superstoichiometric stage in the furnace at a furnace temperature of from 600 to 1500° C. as to obtain hot solids in the furnace. The hot solids are recirculated from the furnace into the reactor. A sealing device separates an oxidizing atmosphere of the furnace from an atmosphere of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for at least one of a chemical and a physical treatment of fluidizable substances in a reactor includes introducing a hot gas into an interior of the reactor through a gas supply tube and cooling at least one of the hot gas and the gas supply tube with a coolant. The cooling is performed by contacting the hot gas with the coolant so as to provide a temperature of a wall of the gas supply tube at least 50° C. lower than a temperature of the gas at an inlet of the gas supply tube facing away from the interior of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen for use in a subsequent methanation process includes electrochemically converting water into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is depleted with electrolyte aerosols. Then, the electrolyte aerosols are separated from the depleted hydrogen in a wet electrostatic precipitator in a hydrogen atmosphere.

Abstract: A process for dedusting a dust laden vapor gas mixture (VGM) obtained by pyrolysis of a material containing hydrocarbons includes treating the dust laden VGM in a dry electrostatic precipitator at a temperature in a range from 380 to 480° C. so as to separate dust from the VGM. Then, the VGM is cooled to a temperature in a range from 310 to 360° C.

Abstract: A process for at least one of a chemical and a physical treatment of fluidizable substances in a reactor. The process includes introducing a hot gas into an interior of the reactor through a gas supply tube and cooling at least one of the hot gas and the gas supply tube with a coolant. The cooling is performed by contacting the hot gas with the coolant so as to provide a temperature of a wall of the gas supply tube at least 50° C. lower than a temperature of the gas at an inlet of the gas supply tube facing away from the interior of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for winning oil from a vapor gas mixture (VGM) containing a plurality of oil fractions obtained by the pyrolysis of a hydrocarbon containing material includes dedusting and cooling the VGM. The dedusted and cooled VGM are fractionated in at least two electrostatic precipitator stages at respective temperatures corresponding to respective boiling points of the oil fractions so as to separate the oil fractions.

Abstract: A process for producing fuel gas and for carrying out a metallurgical process includes providing first and second process stages. In the first process stage, biomass is reacted with an oxygen-containing gas so as to obtain a fuel gas containing at least one of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and steam. The fuel gas is cooled to a temperature in a range from 300 to 600° C. The cooled fuel gas is subjected to a solids separation. In the second process stage, the fuel gas after the solids separation is directly supplied to at least one burner of the metallurgical process, the temperature of the fuel gas being maintained above the condensation temperature of tar and within the range from 300 to 600° C. by supplying heat.

Abstract: A plant for producing char and fuel gas includes a fluidized bed reactor having a first inlet in a lower region of the fluidized bed reactor configured to supply a primary fluidizing gas, a second inlet disposed above the first inlet and configured to supply a secondary gas, and a third inlet configured to supply dried and crushed coal. A further reactor is configured to perform a further process, the further reactor being directly connected to the fluidized bed reactor via a first conduit. A pneumatic injection and/or transportation system is disposed between the fluidized bed reactor and the further reactor. The first inlet is connected to a first supply of a first gas having an oxygen content which is smaller than a second supply of an oxygen enriched second gas connected to the second inlet.

Abstract: A process for the production and/or treatment of at least one metal in a reactor includes discharging a waste gas stream via a waste gas conduit and after-treating the waste gas stream by supplying a cooling gas and/or a cooling gas mixture. The after-treating includes injecting the cooling gas and/or cooling gas mixture into the waste gas conduit on a side of the waste gas conduit facing the reactor, at a high velocity and substantially tangentially with respect to a main flow direction of the waste gas. A volume of the cooling gas and/or the cooling gas mixture injected into the waste gas conduit is adjusted so as to reduce a mixing temperature below a melting temperature of the molten particles and/or a condensation temperature of the vaporous constituents of the waste gas stream.