Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods for performing a puncturing operation with improved puncture precision. The invention refers to a monitoring system comprising a first magnetic sensor attachable to a puncturing instrument (20), a second magnetic sensor (14) supportable by an endoscopic instrument (30), a field generator (16) configured for generating a variable magnetic field, and a processing unit. The processing unit (18) determines a relative position of the first magnetic sensor with respect to the second magnetic sensor and generates positional data encoding such relative position. The invention further refers to a puncturing system (100) comprising such a monitoring system (10), to a related method of generating positional data, and to a related storage device.

Abstract: A monitoring device for monitoring an individual under investigation comprises a recording device for recording a neuronal signal from the individual, and a calculating device for calculating a parameter representing a quantitative measure of an anaesthesia or coma condition of the individual and being derived from the neuronal signal, wherein the calculating device is adapted for calculating a complexity parameter representing the quantitative measure of the anaesthesia or coma condition, and the calculating device includes a buffer circuit for storing at least one time series of the neuronal signal and an analysis circuit for subjecting the time series to a recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) providing the complexity parameter. Furthermore, a method includes estimating a parameter representing a quantitative measure of an anaesthesia or coma condition of an individual.