Abstract: A refinery built around a slurry phase hydrocracking process unit, such as a Veba Combi-Cracker (VCC), is simpler, produces more liquid product as transportation fuels and has much higher net cash margin than a refinery built around a coker or other bottoms upgrading processes. The VCC unit replaces one or more processing steps normally included in refineries as separate and distinct processing units including heavy distillate/gas oil cracking and optionally bottoms upgrading and deep desulfurization of diesel and gasoline range cuts. The refinery design is especially suited for heavy crude upgrading and can be tuned to provide a wide range of gasoline to distillate production ratios. The refinery design is “bottomless” in the sense that it produces no heavy fuel oil or asphalt as product and no solid fuel (e.g., petroleum coke).

Abstract: A process for the hydrocracking of heavy oils and/or oil residues, the process comprising the step of contacting the heavy oils and/or oil residues with a non-metallised carbonaceous additive in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas at a temperature of from 250° C. to 600° C. wherein the non-metallised carbonaceous additive has an average pore size of at least 2 nm.

Abstract: A refinery built around a slurry phase hydrocracking process unit, such as a Veba Combi-Cracker (VCC), is simpler, produces more liquid product as transportation fuels and has much higher net cash margin than a refinery built around a coker or other bottoms upgrading processes. The VCC unit replaces one or more processing steps normally included in refineries as separate and distinct processing units including heavy distillate/gas oil cracking and optionally bottoms upgrading and deep desulfurization of diesel and gasoline range cuts. The refinery design is especially suited for heavy crude upgrading and can be tuned to provide a wide range of gasoline to distillate production ratios. The refinery design is “bottomless” in the sense that it produces no heavy fuel oil or asphalt as product and no solid fuel (e.g., petroleum coke).

Abstract: A process for the hydroprocessing of heavy oils and/or oil residues, the process comprising the step of contacting the heavy oils and/or oil residues with a non-metallised carbonaceous additive in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas at a temperature of from 250° C. to 600° C., wherein at least 80% of the cumulative pore volume of the non-metallised carbonaceous additive arises from pores having a pore size of at least 2 nm, wherein at least 50% of the cumulative pore volume of the non-metallised carbonaceous additive arises from pores having a pore size of at least 5 nm, and/or wherein at least 30% of the cumulative pore volume of the non-metallised carbonaceous additive arises from pores having a pore size of at least 10 nm.

Abstract: A process for slurry-phase hydrocracking of a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock in a reactor, such as an upflow bubble column reactor, includes separately introducing additive in two size ranges into the feedstock. A fine size particle additive is introduced upstream of a coarse size particle additive.

Abstract: A process for the hydroprocessing of heavy oils and/or oil residues, the process comprising the steps of contacting a non-metallised carbonaceous material with an acid to form a non-metallised carbonaceous additive; and contacting the heavy oils and/or oil residues with the non-metallised carbonaceous additive in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas at a temperature of from 250° C. to 600° C.

Abstract: A process for the hydroprocessing of heavy oils and/or oil residues, the process comprising the steps of contacting a non-metallised carbonaceous material with an oxygen-containing gas at a temperature of at least 120° C. to form a non-metallised carbonaceous additive, and contacting the heavy oils and/or oil residues with the non-metallised carbonaceous additive in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas at a temperature of from 250° C. to 600° C.

Abstract: A process for the hydrocracking of heavy oils and/or oil residues, the process comprising the step of contacting the heavy oils and/or oil residues with a non-metallised carbonaceous additive in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas at a temperature of from 250° C. to 600° C. wherein the non-metallised carbonaceous additive has an average pore size of at least 2 nm.

Abstract: A process for slurry-phase hydrocracking of a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock in a reactor, such as an upflow bubble column reactor, includes separately introducing additive in two size ranges into the feedstock. A fine size particle additive is introduced upstream of a coarse size particle additive.

Abstract: A revolving drum containing a rolling element is provided that includes a member for the cleaning of the inner wall areas of the revolving drum which has at least two cleaning zones. The cleaning zones include projecting cleaning elements and lie in tandem in an axial direction of the revolving drum. They include a fastening apparatus disposed on a front end pointing toward the infeed side of the drum and include a revolving articulation by which the rolling element can be fastened to a non-revolving component of a head of the revolving drum. The cleaning zones comprise generated surfaces of the revolving drum which are at an angle to one another.

Abstract: A revolving drum containing a rolling element is provided that includes a member for the cleaning of the inner wall areas of the revolving drum which has at least two cleaning zones. The cleaning zones include projecting cleaning elements and lie in tandem in an axial direction of the revolving drum. They include a fastening apparatus disposed on a front end pointing toward the infeed side of the drum and include a revolving articulation by which the rolling element can be fastened to a non-revolving component of a head of the revolving drum. The cleaning zones comprise generated surfaces of the revolving drum which are at an angle to one another.

Abstract: A process for the removal of dust from gas that has been produced by low temperature carbonization is provided. The process separates solid particles by means of washing oil in a spray washer that also cools the gases that have been produced by low temperature carbonization. The process includes intensively wetting the gases that have been produced with oils that have been condensed out of the stream of the gas. At least a first and second washing stage is provided in the spray washer. The mass flow comprising the washing oil and condensate is collected in the second washing stage and subdivided. Thereafter, the mass flow is fed to both the first and second washing stage as recirculated and recycled washing oil.