Abstract: A method is provided for calibrating a measurement process for a measurement system having a fluid detector, which is provided with a preconcentrator and a fluid sensor. The measurement system for detecting a concentration of a substance to be detected has a sorption phase, during which the fluid to be detected is enriched for a sorption duration (t) in the preconcentrator in a first state, and a measurement phase, in which a concentration of the substance to be detected resulting from the release of the substance to be detected that was enriched in the preconcentrator is measured. The fluid detector is calibrated by adjusting the sorption duration (t).

Abstract: A method is provided for calibrating a measurement process for a measurement system having a fluid detector, which is provided with a preconcentrator and a fluid sensor. The measurement system for detecting a concentration of a substance to be detected has a sorption phase, during which the fluid to be detected is enriched for a sorption duration (t) in the preconcentrator in a first state, and a measurement phase, in which a concentration of the substance to be detected resulting from the release of the substance to be detected that was enriched in the preconcentrator is measured. The fluid detector is calibrated by adjusting the sorption duration (t).

Abstract: Cells having cavities and the manufacture and use of the same are described. An example cell includes a first layer including a gap to at least partially define a cavity and a reservoir area to receive material to enter the cavity by diffusion. Additionally, the cell includes one or more other layers coupled to the first layer to at least partially define the cavity and to hermetically seal the cavity from an exterior environment.

Abstract: A vacuum plasma generator with an output for feeding a plasma discharge for treatment of workpieces in a vacuum chamber has a connection for the junction to AC voltage mains, a rectifier connected to a converter with a control input for the setting and/or regulation of the converter output voltage, and a controlled full bridge circuit connected to the converter output with a potential-free generator output, which transposes the converter output voltage into pulses of 1 to 500 kHz. A potential-isolating transformer is switched into the bridge for the galvanic decoupling of the generator output.

Abstract: The use of an effective concentration of a hydrocarbyl amine wherein the hydrocarbyl moiety has a number average molecular weight in the range 140 to 255 as an additive in an unleaded gasoline composition is provided containing a major proportion of a gasoline suitable for use in a spark ignition engine, for reducing injector nozzle fouling in a direct injection spark ignition engine. A method of operating a direct injection spark ignition engine is also provided.

Abstract: Cells having cavities and the manufacture and use of the same are described. An example cell includes a first layer including a gap to at least partially define a cavity and a reservoir area to receive material to enter the cavity by diffusion. Additionally, the cell includes one or more other layers coupled to the first layer to at least partially define the cavity and to hermetically seal the cavity from an exterior environment.

Abstract: The use of an effective concentration of a hydrocarbyl amine wherein the hydrocarbyl moiety has a number average molecular weight in the range 140 to 255 as an additive in an unleaded gasoline composition is provided containing a major proportion of a gasoline suitable for use in a spark ignition engine, for reducing injector nozzle fouling in a direct injection spark ignition engine. A method of operating a direct injection spark ignition engine is also provided.

Abstract: Ignition device for igniting a high-current discharge of an electric arc vaporizer in a vacuum coating installation with a target (9) with target surface (20), a counterelectrode (6) as well as an arc supply (4) for maintaining an arc discharge between target (9) and counterelectrode (6), the ignition device (1) comprising an ignition finger (1?), switchable to a different ignition potentials with respect to the target (9), with a tip (10) and a switch (2), the tip (10) being comprised of a material with a high melting point and in continuous electric contact with the target surface (20).

Abstract: A vacuum plasma generator with an output for feeding a plasma discharge for treatment of workpieces in a vacuum chamber has a connection for the junction to AC voltage mains, a rectifier connected to a converter with a control input for the setting and/or regulation of the converter output voltage, and a controlled full bridge circuit connected to the converter output with a potential-free generator output, which transposes the converter output voltage into pulses of 1 to 500 kHz. A potential-isolating transformer is switched into the bridge for the galvanic decoupling of the generator output.