Abstract: A process is provided for measuring a gas concentration with at least one thermal measuring element. The thermal measuring element is operated by pulses. A measured value of the gas concentration in the environment of the measuring element is obtained from the evaluation of the response of the measuring element to at least one single pulse by determining transient states of the thermal measuring element. From this the measured value of the gas concentration in the environment of the measuring element can be derived, during the imposed pulse based on electric measured variables.

Abstract: A process is provided for measuring a gas concentration with at least one thermal measuring element. The thermal measuring element is operated by pulses. A measured value of the gas concentration in the environment of the measuring element is obtained from the evaluation of the response of the measuring element to at least one single pulse by determining transient states of the thermal measuring element. From this the measured value of the gas concentration in the environment of the measuring element can be derived, during the imposed pulse based on electric measured variables.

Abstract: A battery array is provided for connection to an electric load as well as to a battery charger. A process for controlling the state of charge of a battery array is also provided. The energy needed to supply an electric device not connected to the electric network is taken from a battery, which is composed of a plurality of galvanic cells connected in series. The energy that can be supplied by such a series-connected array, a so-called battery line, is limited for safety reasons. Moreover, it is difficult to determine the state of charge, because the calibration points necessary for the determination of the state of charge, namely, the two states of charge “full” and “empty,” are reached by such a series-connected array only rarely if ever. A battery array that has a plurality of series-connected arrays connected in parallel, whose states of charge are estimated separately is provided.

Abstract: Apparatus for monitoring the temperature of a circuit component in a circuit arrangement wherein the circuit can be influenced via a temperature sensor when a predetermined value is exceeded for the purpose of preventing undesired high temperatures. This apparatus is improved for its use in inherently safe electronic switching circuits in that it provides the smallest possible volumetric configuration and, in addition, enables a reliable switching characteristic to be realized which is selectable within narrow temperature ranges. It is intended that the testing of its functional capability should be possible with the aid of simple means when in the built-in condition. For this purpose, a plurality of circuit components are connected in series or in parallel.