Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous concentration of corrosive liquids, the apparatus comprising a fluid system with a regenerative heat exchanger for preheating the dilute liquid and a vapour line to supply solvent vapour, which has been separated from the heated liquid in a main separator, to the hot side of the regenerative heat exchanger as a heat source. The invention further relates to a method for continuously concentrating corrosive liquids, wherein the system pressure is greater than 1 bar.

Abstract: A method of writing data to a transparent substrate comprises forming a first voxel by focusing a first laser pulse on a first location in a transparent substrate; and forming a second voxel by focusing a second laser pulse on a second location in the transparent substrate. The first laser pulse and the second laser pulse have different amplitudes, resulting in the first and second voxels having different strengths. Also provided are a system useful for implementing the method; an optical data storage medium obtainable by the method; and a method of reading data from the optical data storage medium.

Abstract: A method for forming birefringent voxels comprises simultaneously generating a first seed pulse and a first data pulse. The first seed pulse and the first data pulse are spatially-separated laser pulses having different amplitudes. The first seed pulse is focused at a first seed location, and the data pulse is focused at a first data location. The first seed location and the first data location are separated by a predetermined distance along a scan path, with the first seed location being ahead of the first data location. Subsequently, a second seed pulse and a second data pulse are generated, and focused at a second seed location and second data location, respectively. The second seed and data locations are separated by the predetermined distance. The second data location is the same as the first seed location, resulting in formation of a birefringent voxel.

Abstract: A method of writing data to a transparent substrate comprises forming a first voxel by focusing a first laser pulse on a first location in a transparent substrate; and forming a second voxel by focusing a second laser pulse on a second location in the transparent substrate. The first laser pulse and the second laser pulse have different amplitudes, resulting in the first and second voxels having different strengths. Also provided are a system useful for implementing the method; an optical data storage medium obtainable by the method; and a method of reading data from the optical data storage medium.

Abstract: A method for forming birefringent voxels comprises simultaneously generating a first seed pulse and a first data pulse. The first seed pulse and the first data pulse are spatially-separated laser pulses having different amplitudes. The first seed pulse is focused at a first seed location, and the data pulse is focused at a first data location. The first seed location and the first data location are separated by a predetermined distance along a scan path, with the first seed location being ahead of the first data location. Subsequently, a second seed pulse and a second data pulse are generated, and focused at a second seed location and second data location, respectively. The second seed and data locations are separated by the predetermined distance. The second data location is the same as the first seed location, resulting in formation of a birefringent voxel.

Abstract: A method of writing data to a transparent substrate comprises forming a first voxel by focusing a first laser pulse on a first location in a transparent substrate; and forming a second voxel by focusing a second laser pulse on a second location in the transparent substrate. The first laser pulse and the second laser pulse have different amplitudes, resulting in the first and second voxels having different strengths. Also provided are a system useful for implementing the method; an optical data storage medium obtainable by the method; and a method of reading data from the optical data storage medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous concentration of corrosive liquids, the apparatus comprising a fluid system with a regenerative heat exchanger for preheating the dilute liquid and a vapour line to supply solvent vapour, which has been separated from the heated liquid in a main separator, to the hot side of the regenerative heat exchanger as a heat source. The invention further relates to a method for continuously concentrating corrosive liquids, wherein the system pressure is greater than 1 bar.

Abstract: A method for storing data in a tamper-proof manner in a data block structure. The method includes, for a group of data blocks, determining functions, which are assigned to the data blocks of the group and dependent on the data stored in the corresponding data block; creating a combination of all functions assigned to the data blocks of the group; and determining a combination-dependent coefficient for each function of the combination, so that the combination meets a predefined condition; and for each data block of the group, determining a control group of data blocks of the group assigned to the corresponding data block; and storing the coefficient that was determined for the function of the corresponding data block in all data blocks of the control group.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a blockchain structure includes providing a first data block and a second data block, wherein a first data processing rule is assigned to first data of the first data block, and a second data processing rule is assigned to second data of the second data block. The first data processing rule is linked to the second data processing rule to obtain a third data processing rule, wherein the first data processing rule is executed before the second data processing rule when the third data processing rule is executed. The second data processing rule is linked to the first data processing rule to obtain a fourth data processing rule. When the fourth data processing rule is executed, the first data processing rule is executed after the second data processing rule. The third data processing rule is stored in the second data block and the fourth data processing rule is stored in the first data block to obtain the blockchain structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the tamper-proof storage of data in an electronic store using a bidirectionally linked blockchain structure. The method comprises the steps of: providing a first family of functions, which comprises a plurality of functions, wherein the functions differ by at least one first parameter and are uniquely identifiable using the first parameter of each; generating an additional block to extend the blockchain structure which comprises the data to be stored; creating a first block-dependent bidirectional linking function for bidirectional linking of the last block to the additional block.

Abstract: In one embodiment the method includes providing a bidirectionally linked blockchain structure; generating an additional block for expanding the blockchain structure, which includes the data to be stored and is intended to be linked bidirectionally to the last block of the blockchain structure, the last block of the blockchain structure including stored data; and calculating a first block-dependent linking function for bidirectionally linking the last block to the additional block. The calculation of the linking function including calculating a combined block-dependent check value of the last block and of the additional block, using the data stored in the last block and the data to be stored in the additional block; and associating the combined check value with a block-independent, linking process-specific function. The method further includes adding the first block-dependent linking function to the last block and to the additional block.

Abstract: The method includes generating an additional block for expanding a blockchain structure, which includes the data to be stored and is intended to be linked bidirectionally to the last block of the blockchain structure; calculating a first check value of the last block for bidirectionally linking the additional block to the last block of the blockchain structure; calculating a check value of the additional block for bidirectionally linking the additional block to the last block of the blockchain structure; adding the first check value of the last block to the last block and; adding the check value of the additional block to the additional block.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat exchanger comprising one tube, and preferably a plurality of tubes, which extend through a heat-exchange chamber starting from a tube sheet, wherein the tube sheet is made of a fiber-reinforced plastics material. The invention further relates to a method for producing a heat exchanger of this kind and to the use of a heat exchanger of this kind.

Abstract: A dismountable hammock stand comprises a base 3 to be placed on a floor and two bars 5 extending from the base. The bars are each separable into at least two parts 21, 23. The at least two parts include a pin 37 having an outer contact surface 39 and a ring 33 having an inner contact surface 35. An end portion 29 of the first part 21 includes a sleeve. The pin is provided at an end of the second part and the ring is provided within the sleeve spaced apart from an end of the first part. An end portion 31 of the second part is insertable into the sleeve until the outer contact surface abuts on the inner contact surface in order to define a position of the end of the second part within the sleeve in a direction transverse to a longitudinal direction of the sleeve.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a blockchain structure includes providing a first data block and a second data block, wherein a first data processing rule is assigned to first data of the first data block, and a second data processing rule is assigned to second data of the second data block. The first data processing rule is linked to the second data processing rule to obtain a third data processing rule, wherein the first data processing rule is executed before the second data processing rule when the third data processing rule is executed. The second data processing rule is linked to the first data processing rule to obtain a fourth data processing rule. When the fourth data processing rule is executed, the first data processing rule is executed after the second data processing rule. The third data processing rule is stored in the second data block and the fourth data processing rule is stored in the first data block to obtain the blockchain structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the tamper-proof storage of data (210) in an electronic store using a bidirectionally linked blockchain structure (100). The method comprises the steps of: providing a first family of functions (209), which comprises a plurality of functions, wherein the functions differ by at least one first parameter and are uniquely identifiable using the first parameter of each; generating an additional block (112) to extend the blockchain structure (100) which comprises the data to be stored (210); creating a first block-dependent bidirectional linking function (122) for bidirectional linking of the last block (110) to the additional block (112).

Abstract: The invention relates to a processing device in the form of a crystallizer or reactor comprising a tube, at the opposite end regions of which an inlet and an outlet are provided for a crystallization or reaction medium. A helixical web is provided which runs about a longitudinal axis of the tube and which rests against the inner face of the tube casing, and the web is mounted so as to be rotatable about the aforementioned longitudinal axis of the tube. The device also has a drive for rotating the web.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided that greatly expand the utility of conventional hollow waveguide-based sensors via either straight, substrate-integrated channels or via meandering (e.g., circuitous, curved or folded optical paths) waveguide sensor designs. Full- or hybrid-integration of the meandering hollow waveguide with light source, detector, and light-guiding optics facilitates compact yet high-performance gas/vapor and/or liquid sensors of the substrate-integrated hollow waveguide sensor.

Abstract: A dismountable hammock stand comprises a base 3 to be placed on a floor and two bars 5 extending from the base. The bars are each separable into at least two parts 21, 23. The at least two parts include a pin 37 having an outer contact surface 39 and a ring 33 having an inner contact surface 35. An end portion 29 of the first part 21 includes a sleeve. The pin is provided at an end of the second part and the ring is provided within the sleeve spaced apart from an end of the first part. An end portion 31 of the second part is insertable into the sleeve until the outer contact surface abuts on the inner contact surface in order to define a position of the end of the second part within the sleeve in a direction transverse to a longitudinal direction of the sleeve.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided that greatly expand the utility of conventional hollow waveguide-based sensors via either straight, substrate-integrated channels or via meandering (e.g., circuitous, curved or folded optical paths) waveguide sensor designs. Full- or hybrid-integration of the meandering hollow waveguide with light source, detector, and light-guiding optics facilitates compact yet high-performance gas/vapor and/or liquid sensors of the substrate-integrated hollow waveguide sensor.