Abstract: A bumper system for a motor vehicle includes, but is not limited to, a bumper cross member, which is fixed to a stiff frame of the motor vehicle, a pliable bumper shell, a compressible structure which is formed between an upper area of the shell and the cross member and one support section which supports the lower area of the shell, which, together with a crash box holding the cross member is anchored to the flange plates of the frame.

Abstract: Devices, tools, and methods for mitigating contamination of an optics surface used in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) applications disclosed. The method may include providing an optically reflective surface configured to reflect EUV radiation. The method may further include exposing the optically reflective surface to EUV radiation thereby generating electrons. The method may also include applying an electromagnetic field to the optically reflective surface, the electromagnetic field configured to reduce reactions initiated by the electrons on the optically reflective surface. The applied electromagnetic field may be constant or varied and also may have different biases.

Abstract: A bumper system for a motor vehicle includes, but is not limited to, a bumper cross member, which is fixed to a stiff frame of the motor vehicle, a pliable bumper shell, a compressible structure which is formed between an upper area of the shell and the cross member and one support section which supports the lower area of the shell, which, together with a crash box holding the cross member is anchored to the flange plates of the frame.

Abstract: The invention relates to a module for absorbing energy from an impact to which the module (3) has been subjected, via deformation, comprising a core (5) made of a polymer foam with a density of at most 0.2 g/cm3 and with a compressive modulus of elasticity of at most 200 MPa measured to DIN EN 826, wherein the core (5) has an at least to some extent enclosing shell (7) made of a polymer material, and/or comprises an insert (15) made of a polymer material, where the density of the polymer material of the shell (7) and/or of the insert (15) is at most 2.0 g/cm3 and its tensile modulus of elasticity is at least 700 MPa, measured to DIN EN ISO 527.

Abstract: A structure for absorbing energy from impacts thereon, the structure being plastically deformable by an impact, with, if appropriate, the possibility that it is at least to some extent disrupted. The structure can include a) ribs for reinforcement, the ribs arranged with respect to one another at an angle with respect to the axial direction such that on failure of a rib a force acting on the structure is immediately absorbed axially by another rib, b) ribs running axially, the ribs being in essence corrugated or of zigzag shape, c) at least one rib running axially in a first plane and connected to at least two ribs running axially in a second plane rotated with respect to the first plane. The structure includes, in the direction of impact, at least two layers, each of which has different compressibility properties and different failure properties.

Abstract: A bumper system for a motor vehicle includes, but is not limited to, a bumper cross member, which is fixed to a stiff frame of the motor vehicle, a pliable bumper shell, a compressible structure which is formed between an upper area of the shell and the cross member and one support section which supports the lower area of the shell, which, together with a crash box holding the cross member is anchored to the flange plates of the frame.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for designing the wall thickness of components that are permanently subjected to static and/or dynamic loading, the components being made of a fiber reinforced polymer material. In a first step, the orientation of the fibers in the fiber reinforced plastic and the position of the weld lines in the component are determined by a first simulation calculation. A degree of utilization of the strength of the component is calculated by a second simulation calculation. The wall thickness of the component is adapted to the result of the second simulation calculation, and the previous steps are repeated if a change of the wall thickness has been carried out. The invention also relates to a component of a fiber reinforced polymer material that has a wall thickness designed by the method according to the invention.

Abstract: A method for operating an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle is provided, wherein at least one SCR catalytic converter for the after-treatment of exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine is present. The method serves to assure that a sufficient quantity of reducing agent is supplied for the operation of the SCR catalytic converter. The motor vehicle has a fuel tank (10) with a fill level sensor A (11) and a reducing agent tank (12) with a fill level sensor B (13). Signals from the fill level sensor B (13) or signals from the fill level sensor A (11) and the fill level sensor B (13) are acquired and evaluated by a navigation unit (16).

Abstract: A bumper system for a motor vehicle includes, but is not limited to, a bumper cross member, which is fixed to a stiff frame of the motor vehicle, a pliable bumper shell, a compressible structure which is formed between an upper area of the shell and the cross member and one support section which supports the lower area of the shell, which, together with a crash box holding the cross member is anchored to the flange plates of the frame.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for partitioning the plastic parisons to give at least one semifinished open-surface product (6), where the device encompasses at least one means of partitioning (3) the plastic parison and one means of drive (2). The means of drive may be composed of one, but preferably of two, driven rolls. It has been found that use of the device of the invention can reduce or prevent the production of creasing and irregularity at the margins, i.e. at the cut edges, of the partitioned parisons, i.e. of the resultant semifinished sheets.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing hollow plastic articles, encompassing the following steps: a) producing a tubular plastic parison on a blow molding plant or coextrusion blow molding plant b) cutting open the extruded or coextruded plastic parison to give at least one semifinished open-surface product c) thermoforming the resultant semifinished open-surface product to give half-shells d) welding the thermoformed half-shells to give a hollow article.