Abstract: A device may include a first waveguide with an optical input at a first port. A device may include a second waveguide. A device may include a first coupler that optically couples the first waveguide to the second waveguide at a first position. A device may include a waveguide delay arm. A device may include a second coupler that optically couples the first waveguide to the second waveguide at a second position, the second position different from the first position.

Abstract: A photonic integrated circuit may include a laser with a first optical frequency related to an atomic transition, the at least one laser pre-stabilized to a frequency reference, where the at least one laser is locked to the frequency reference; a first output coupling grating which outputs light from the laser to a target; a first stress optic modulator adjacent to the first output coupler grating. The first stress optic modulator is configured to modulate the angle of light outputted from the first output coupling grating when a voltage is applied to the first stress optic modulator.

Abstract: A device may include a first waveguide with an optical input at a first port. A device may include a second waveguide. A device may include a first coupler that optically couples the first waveguide to the second waveguide at a first position. A device may include a waveguide delay arm. A device may include a second coupler that optically couples the first waveguide to the second waveguide at a second position, the second position different from the first position.

Abstract: A device may at least one laser with a first optical frequency the at least one laser stabilized to a at least one frequency reference, wherein the at least one laser is locked to the at least one frequency reference. A device may at least one photodiode and at least one laser current servo for locking the at least one laser to the at least one frequency reference. A device may at least one modulator configured to modulate a resonator, wherein the at least one frequency reference is a resonator, the resonator comprising a waveguide core and a tuner, wherein the tuner is laterally offset from the waveguide core.

Abstract: A device may include an atomic cell with a first wall. A device may include a photonic integrated circuit positioned parallel to the atomic cell first wall, the photonic integrated circuit comprising: a set of three grating emitters mounted on the photonic integrated circuit around a circumference with a spacing of around 120 degrees, wherein each grating emitter is etched to emit free-space beams on to the first wall of the atomic cell at a selected angle, wherein the selected angle in combination with the circumference results in the set of free-space beams intersecting at a location inside the atomic cell.