Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for applying energy to a target tissue or cell are described herein. These methods and apparatuses may use one or more pairs of stimulating electrodes and a dedicated ground electrode to locally apply energy to a target tissue or cell at or adjacent the dedicated ground electrode.

Abstract: A document processing method includes: receiving one or more sets of documents; assigning each document of the sets of documents to one or more basic clusters; for each cluster of the basic clusters, training a respective basic cluster model detecting one or more visual element types; generating one or more superclusters, each supercluster containing a respective plurality of basic clusters, based on an attribute shared by documents comprised by the plurality of basic clusters; for each supercluster, training a respective supercluster model detecting the visual element types; assigning an input document to a corresponding basic cluster and a corresponding supercluster; and detecting one or more visual elements by processing the input document by the corresponding basic cluster model and the corresponding supercluster model.

Abstract: Provided herein are apparatuses (e.g., systems) and methods for automatically assessing a segmented 3D dental model. The segmented 3D dental model may be classified by a trained machine learning classifier (a trained neural network). In some cases, the segmented 3D dental model may be classified as a passing (acceptable) or failing (unacceptable) model. The machine learning classifier may be trained with labeled 3D dental models that illustrate passing and failing segmented 3D dental models.