Abstract: Novel methods for exporting target proteins from the cytosol to the extracellular surface of bacterial cells are provided. The methods are useful in that they permit the preparation of vaccines for the prevention of bacterial infectious diseases.

Abstract: A removable strap which mounts transversely to a tire through a wheel fello is threaded through and removably secures a supplemental traction-providing sleeve to the tread of a tire. The sleeve has a generally rectangular cross-section, with one side adapted to engage the tire tread surface and the opposite side adapted to engage the road surface. The opposing ends of the sleeve are bent at an acute angle toward each other to provide mechanical advantage to hold the sleeve securely in place and to reduce stress on the strap. The road surface engaging side of the sleeve includes a traction-providing surface which is integral with or permanently affixed to the sleeve. The strap passes through the interior portion of the sleeve and around the tire through a wheel fello. The strap has two opposing ends which are removably secured together, such that the strap securely affixes the sleeve to the tire.