Abstract: A current measurement apparatus includes a shunt resistor (1) located between two terminal members (5, 6), each connected electrically to a respective end (4, 3) of the shunt resistor, and each extending over substantially the whole of an adjacent side face of the shunt resistor. Electrically insulating, thermally conductive material (8, 9) is provided between each side face of the shunt resistor (1) and the terminal members (5, 6), and serves to provide a thermal path for heat exchange between the shunt resistor and the terminals. The shunt resistor (1) is engineered to have the desired electrical properties, and the terminal members are connected by mechanical fasteners (13, 14) to ensure the required electrical properties without calibration. Measuring circuitry (15) is incorporated between the shunt resistor (1) and terminal members (5, 6).

Abstract: Replay-time-only functionalities in a computer program are executed only during replay in a virtual machine and are skipped outside of replay. If a replay-time-only functionality is detected during the replay of a program execution in a virtual machine, the replay may be paused and the virtual machine state may be saved. The replay-time-only core functionality is executed. When this execution is complete, a prior state of the virtual machine may be restored and the replay may be resumed.

Abstract: Replay-time-only functionalities in a computer program are executed only during replay in a virtual machine and are skipped outside of replay. If a replay-time-only functionality is detected during the replay of a program execution in a virtual machine, the replay may be paused and the virtual machine state may be saved. The replay-time-only core functionality is executed. When this execution is complete, a prior state of the virtual machine may be restored and the replay may be resumed.

Abstract: An envelope inverter comprises a conveyor (14) arranged below a surface (2) onto which envelopes (6) are delivered through a slot (4). The surface (2) is arranged such that each envelope (6) is unstable thereon, and tends to rotate about the edge (12) of the surface, striking the conveyor (14), which moves in a direction tending to continue the rotating movement until the envelope (6) comes to rest inverted on the conveyor.