Abstract: The disclosure features mass spectrometry systems and methods that include an ion source, an ion trap, a detector subsystem featuring first and second detector elements, and a controller electrically connected to the ion source, the ion trap, and the detector subsystem and configured so that during operation of the system, the controller: applies an electrical signal to the ion source to generate positively and negatively charged particles from sample particles in the system; applies an electrical signal to the ion trap to eject a plurality of particles from the ion trap through a common aperture of the ion trap, and determines information about the sample particles based on first and second electrical signals generated by the ejected particles.

Abstract: The disclosure features mass spectrometry systems and methods that include an ion source, an ion trap, a detector subsystem featuring first and second detector elements, and a controller electrically connected to the ion source, the ion trap, and the detector subsystem and configured so that during operation of the system, the controller: applies an electrical signal to the ion source to generate positively and negatively charged particles from sample particles in the system; applies an electrical signal to the ion trap to eject a plurality of particles from the ion trap through a common aperture of the ion trap, and determines information about the sample particles based on first and second electrical signals generated by the ejected particles.

Abstract: The disclosure features mass spectrometry systems and methods that include an ion source, an ion trap, a detector subsystem featuring first and second detector elements, and a controller electrically connected to the ion source, the ion trap, and the detector subsystem and configured so that during operation of the system, the controller: applies an electrical signal to the ion source to generate positively and negatively charged particles from sample particles in the system; applies an electrical signal to the ion trap to eject a plurality of particles from the ion trap through a common aperture of the ion trap, and determines information about the sample particles based on first and second electrical signals generated by the ejected particles.

Abstract: The disclosure features mass spectrometry systems and methods that include an ion source, an ion trap, a detector subsystem featuring first and second detector elements, and a controller electrically connected to the ion source, the ion trap, and the detector subsystem and configured so that during operation of the system, the controller: applies an electrical signal to the ion source to generate positively and negatively charged particles from sample particles in the system; applies an electrical signal to the ion trap to eject a plurality of particles from the ion trap through a common aperture of the ion trap, and determines information about the sample particles based on first and second electrical signals generated by the ejected particles.

Abstract: Mass spectrometers and methods for measuring information about samples using mass spectrometry are disclosed.

Abstract: Mass spectrometers and methods for measuring information about samples using mass spectrometry are disclosed.

Abstract: Mass spectrometers and methods for measuring information about samples using mass spectrometry are disclosed.

Abstract: A steam distribution control system and method for a steam heating system are provided. The steam heating system may include a plurality of radiators, a boiler that provides steam to the plurality of radiators, and a plurality of steam pipes that carry the steam to the plurality of radiators, respectively. The steam distribution control system may include a plurality of steam-air vents provided at the plurality of radiators, respectively, and a central controller in communication with the plurality of steam-air vents that selectively controls the plurality of steam-air vents to control an amount of steam distributed into each of the plurality of radiators. The method may include providing a steam-air vent at each of the plurality of radiators, and selectively controlling the plurality of steam-air vents to control an amount of steam distributed into each of the plurality of radiators.