Abstract: A method for manufacturing an interfacial lithium fluoride layer for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions is disclosed. In the method, a substrate is positioned in a reaction chamber of an atomic layer deposition reactor and a lithium fluoride (LiF) precursor is introduced into the reaction chamber such that the LiF precursor contacts and chemically reacts with functional groups on the substrate. Then, an oxidant is introduced into the reaction chamber to form a single molecular layer of lithium fluoride on the substrate. The lithium fluoride layer is formed on the substrate at a temperature of greater than or equal to about 110 degrees Celsius to less than or equal to about 250 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: A battery cell comprises a battery cell enclosure made of a non-metallic material. First battery terminals arranged in the battery cell enclosure. Second battery terminals arranged in the battery cell enclosure. Electrolyte is located between the first battery terminals and the second battery terminals. C conductive portions are arranged adjacent to an outer surface of the battery cell enclosure, where C is an integer greater than zero.

Abstract: A composite panel for a vehicle includes a plurality of layers bonded together by resin. A sensing assembly is arranged between at least two of the plurality of layers. The sensing assembly includes at least one of a piezoelectric layer to sense vibration of the composite panel when installed on the vehicle and a thermopile configured to sense changes in temperature of the composite panel when installed on the vehicle. The sensing assembly further includes a transmitter configured to transmit data to the vehicle based on an output of the at least one of the piezoelectric layer and the thermopile.

Abstract: A quality control system in a battery manufacturing process includes two or more capacitive measurement apparatuses to obtain a capacitance measurement from two or more intermediate products generated during the battery manufacturing process. The system also includes processing circuitry to obtain the capacitive measurement from the two or more capacitive measurement apparatuses, to determine a characteristic of the corresponding intermediate product, and to control at least one process of the battery manufacturing process that produced at least one of the two or more intermediate products based on the characteristic.

Abstract: A battery cell monitoring system includes: a battery cell including an electrode stack disposed within a case; a gas sensor disposed within, attached to or connected to the case and configured to detect levels of one or more gases within the case; and a gas monitoring circuit connected to the gas sensor. The gas monitoring circuit includes: a memory that stores data collected from the gas sensor; a transceiver configured to transfer the data to a network device separate from the battery cell; and a control module that monitors the levels of one or more gases and based on the levels of the one or more gases detects (i) an issue with the battery cell during operative use of the battery cell, (ii) an issue with the battery cell during formation of the battery cell, or (iii) completion of a formation operation of the battery cell.