Abstract: A method of modifying a liquid sample containing an analyte so as to increase SERS signal intensity of the analyte is provided. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: providing the liquid sample to be analyzed using SERS; and adding an oxygen scavenger to the liquid sample so as to remove dissolved oxygen from the liquid sample. A probe for remote sensing of an analyte in a liquid sample using SERS is also provided. The probe of the present invention comprises a detection chamber having a window that is transparent to SERS excitation light and Raman scattered signal, and tubing with a first and a second end, the first end of the tubing being flowably connected to the detection chamber and the second end of the tubing being configured to be placed in contact with a liquid sample.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for copper-catalyzed electrochemical water treatment are provided. The method comprises the steps of supplying an aqueous solution and electrochemically treating the aqueous solution in an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and the aqueous solution as an electrolyte, by applying an electric potential to said anode and said cathode, thereby producing purified water. The apparatus comprises an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte contacting the anode and the cathode; an inlet allowing the electrolyte in the electrochemical cell; and an outlet allowing purified water out of the electrochemical cell. In both cases, the electrolyte/aqueous solution comprises water to be treated, chloride ions in a concentration [Cl?] at least about 10 mM, and copper(II) and/or copper(I) ions in a total copper ions concentration, [CU2+] +[Cu+], of at least about 20 ?M.