Abstract: A process for preparing a product comprising one or more graphene layers, the process comprising: producing hydrodynamic cavitation in a liquid medium comprising a diaromatic component to synthesise the one or more graphene layers from the diaromatic component.

Abstract: A process for preparing a product comprising one or more graphene layers, the process comprising: producing hydro-dynamic cavitation in a liquid medium comprising a diaromatic component to synthesise the one or more graphene layers from the diaromatic component.

Abstract: A method for forming a polymeric coating on a substrate surface, by plasma treating a mixture comprising a free-radical initiated polymerisable monomer having one or more free-radical polymerisable groups in the presence of a free radical initiator, wherein said plasma treatment is a soft ionisation plasma process (a process wherein precursor molecules are not fragmented during the plasma process and as a consequence, the resulting polymeric coating has the physical properties of the precursor or bulk polymer) aid depositing the resulting polymeric coating material onto a substrate surface.

Abstract: A method of forming a coating on a powdered substrate, which method comprises introducing an atomized liquid and/or solid coating forming material and separately transporting a powdered substrate to be coated into an atmospheric plasma discharge and/or an ionized gas stream resulting therefrom, and exposing the powdered substrate to the atomized liquid and/or solid coating forming material.

Abstract: A method for forming a polymeric coating on a substrate surface, by plasma treating a mixture comprising a free-radical initiated polymerisable monomer having one or more free-radical polymerisable groups in the presence of a free radical initiator, wherein said plasma treatment is a soft ionisation plasma process (a process wherein precursor molecules are not fragmented during the plasma process and as a consequence, the resulting polymeric coating has the physical properties of the precursor or bulk polymer) aid depositing the resulting polymeric coating material onto a substrate surface.

Abstract: A method for forming a coating on a substrate using an atmospheric pressure plasma discharge. The method comprises introducing an atomized liquid and/or solid coating-forming material into an atmospheric pressure plasma discharge and/or an ionized gas stream resulting therefrom, and exposing the substrate to the atomized coating-forming material. The application also described a method for polymerizing a polymer forming material, and further to apparatus for forming a coating on a substrate.

Abstract: A method of forming a gel and/or powder of a metallic oxide, metalloid oxide and/or a mixed oxide or resin thereof from one or more respective organometallic liquid precursor(s) and/or organometalloid liquid precursor(s) by oxidatively treating said liquid in a non-thermal equilibrium plasma discharge and/or an ionised gas stream resulting therefrom and collecting the resulting product. The non-thermal equilibrium plasma is preferably atmospheric plasma glow discharge, continuous low pressure glow discharge plasma, low pressure pulse plasma or direct barrier discharge. The metallic oxides this invention particularly relates to are those in columns 3a and 4a of the periodic table namely, aluminium, gallium, indium, tin and lead and the transition metals. The metalloids may be selected from boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.

Abstract: A method for forming an active material containing coating on a substrate, which method comprises the steps of: i) introducing one or more gaseous or atomised liquid and/or solid coating-forming materials which undergo chemical bond forming reactions within a plasma environment and one or more active materials which substantially do not undergo chemical bond forming reactions within a plasma environment, into an atmospheric or low pressure non-thermal equilibrium plasma discharge and/or an excited gas stream resulting therefrom, and ii) exposing the substrate to the resulting mixture of atomised coating-forming and at least one active material which are deposited onto the substrate surface to form a coating; wherein the substrate is not a wipe, cloth or sponge for household care or depilatory care or a water solute household cleaning unit dose product.

Abstract: A method for creating adhesion includes plasma treating two substrates and thereafter contacting the substrates. The method can be used on a variety of dry surfaces. The method is used to adhere nonadhesive surfaces such as a cured silicone with a ceramic or semiconductor.

Abstract: A method of coating a surface of a low surface energy substrate by exposing the substrate to a silicon containing compound in liquid or gaseous form selected from a chlorine terminated polydimethylsiloxane, direct process residue, ZxSiR54−x, SinY2n+2 or a mixture thereof, where each Z is a chloro or alkoxy group and each R5 is an alkyl group or substituted alkyl group, x is 1 to 4, n is from 2 to 10 and each Y may be selected from a chloro, fluoro, alkoxy or alkyl group but at least two Y groups must be chloro, or alkoxy groups or a mixture thereof and forming a grafted coating layer on the substrate surface and subsequently post-treating the grafted coating layer by oxidation or, reduction, which is preferably utilising a plasma or corona treatment, in particular atmospheric pressure glow discharge or dielectric barrier discharge.

Abstract: A method for creating adhesion includes plasma treating two substrates and thereafter contacting the substrates. The method can be used on a variety of dry surfaces. The method is used to adhere nonadhesive surfaces such as a cured silicone with a ceramic or semiconductor.

Abstract: A method of forming a coating on a substrate surface which coating comprises SiOx groups by plasma treatment of the surface, wherein the substrate comprises a blend of an organic polymeric material and an organosilicon-containing additive which is substantially non-miscible with the organic polymeric material. The organic polymeric material preferably comprises a poly-olefin, and the organosilicon-containing additive preferably comprises polydimethylsiloxane, &agr;,&ohgr;-dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane, &agr;,&ohgr;-divinylpolydimethylsiloxane, or a copolymer of polydimethylsiloxane and polyethylene. The plasma treatment may comprise oxygen-containing gas plasma treatment, and the substrate is preferably heated and the plasma pulsed during plasma treatment. The method can enhance the surface barrier, antioxidant and/or the adhesive properties of the substrate.