Abstract: Disclosed are cellulose-based 5 flexible aerogels and xerogels containing bacterial cellulose nanorods, ribbons, fibers, and the like, wherein the gels have tunable optical, heat transfer, and stiffness properties. Further disclosed are highly transparent and flexible cellulose nanofiber-polysiloxane composite aerogels featuring enhanced mechanical robustness, tunable optical anisotropy, and low thermal conductivity.

Abstract: Materials that can be templated by one or more of biological material and biologically-derived material, structures including such materials, and methods of forming and using the materials and structures are disclosed. Exemplary materials and structures can be used to reflect, polarize and/or retard electromagnetic radiation.