Abstract: A method and a system for determining a guided random data sampling are disclosed. The method comprises: converting input data into an optical signal with a variable average intensity through a first conversion module; converting the optical signal into a guided optical signal according to guiding data by a photonic computing module, wherein the average intensity of the guided optical signal varies with the average intensity of the optical signal; and converting the guided optical signal into output data and outputting the output data by a second conversion module; wherein the noise generated by at least one of the first conversion module, the photonic computing module, and the second conversion module is added to the output data as a perturbation. By yielding the perturbation in the optical-analog domain, the output data can be quickly converged to an expected solution in the solving operation of the combinatorial optimization problem.

Abstract: A method modulates data for optical communication by first encoding the data using a forward error correction (FEC) encoder to produce encoded data, which are encoded using a block encoder to produce block encoded data such that Hamming distances between code words that represent the block encoded data are increased. The block encoded data are mapped to produce mapped data such that Euclidian distances between the constellation points are increased. Then, the mapped data are modulated in a transmitter to a modulated signal for an optical channel.