Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses are provided for self-contained nucleic acid preparation, amplification, and analysis.

Abstract: A combustion burner resulting in low oxides of nitrogen includes a primary combustion zone, for use as an ignition source. The primary combustion zone locating within a combustion chamber, and being separated from the base of the combustion chamber by a wall. A burner provides a secondary oxidant stream that is delivered to the combustion chamber at the base of an exterior wall, to entrain and mix with flue gases present in the combustion chamber. Then secondary fuel is injected into the resulting secondary oxidant-flue gas mixture. Combustion of the secondary fuel with the oxidant flue gas mixture results in lower concentration of oxides of nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A combustion burner resulting in low oxides of nitrogen includes a primary combustion zone, for use as an ignition source. The primary combustion zone locating within a combustion chamber, and being separated from the base of the combustion chamber by a wall. A burner provides a secondary oxidant stream that is delivered to the combustion chamber at the base of an exterior wall, to entrain and mix with flue gases present in the combustion chamber. Then secondary fuel is injected into the resulting secondary oxidant-flue gas mixture. Combustion of the secondary fuel with the oxidant flue gas mixture results in lower concentration of oxides of nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere.

Abstract: Improved apparatus for burning fuel with low NOx formation are provided. An apparatus of the invention for discharging a mixture of fuel gas and air into a furnace wherein the mixture is burned and flue gases having a low NOx content are formed includes the following. A burner housing, attached to a furnace, is provided having a means for mixing a first portion of the fuel gas with a first portion of the air to form a primary fuel gas-air mixture and discharging the primary fuel gas-air mixture into a primary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location surrounded by a wall which extends into the furnace. A means for mixing a second portion of the fuel with a second portion of the air to form a secondary fuel gas-air mixture is also provided whereby the secondary fuel gas-air mixture is discharged into a secondary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location adjacent to an exterior side of the wall.

Abstract: Improved apparatus for burning fuel with low NOx formation are provided. An apparatus of the invention for discharging a mixture of fuel gas and air into a furnace wherein the mixture is burned and flue gases having a low NOx content are formed includes the following. A burner housing, attached to a furnace, is provided having a means for mixing a first portion of the fuel gas with a first portion of the air to form a primary fuel gas-air mixture and discharging the primary fuel gas-air mixture into a primary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location surrounded by a wall which extends into the furnace. A means for mixing a second portion of the fuel with a second portion of the air to form a secondary fuel gas-air mixture is also provided whereby the secondary fuel gas-air mixture is discharged into a secondary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location adjacent to an exterior side of the wall.

Abstract: Improved methods and apparatus for burning fuel with low NOx formation are provided. A method of the invention for discharging a mixture of fuel gas and air into a furnace wherein the mixture is burned and flue gases having a low NOx content are formed includes the following steps. A first portion of the fuel gas is mixed with a first portion of the air to form a primary fuel gas-air mixture. The primary fuel gas-air mixture is discharged into a primary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location surrounded by a wall which extends into the furnace. A second portion of the fuel and a second portion of the air are mixed to form a secondary fuel gas-air mixture. The secondary fuel gas-air mixture is discharged into a secondary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location adjacent to an exterior side of the wall.

Abstract: Improved methods and apparatus for burning fuel with low NOx formation are provided. A method of the invention for discharging a mixture of fuel gas and air into a furnace wherein the mixture is burned and flue gases having a low NOx content are formed includes the following steps. A first portion of the fuel gas is mixed with a first portion of the air to form a primary fuel gas-air mixture. The primary fuel gas-air mixture is discharged into a primary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location surrounded by a wall which extends into the furnace. A second portion of the fuel and a second portion of the air are mixed to form a secondary fuel gas-air mixture. The secondary fuel gas-air mixture is discharged into a secondary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location adjacent to an exterior side of the wall.

Abstract: A nozzle mixing line burner includes a line-burner combustion chamber and a nozzle body coupled to the chamber. The nozzle body includes a first channel having a first inlet receiving air, a second inlet receiving fuel, an air and fuel mixing chamber communicating with the first and second inlets and for discharging an air and fuel mixture created within the air and fuel mixing chamber along a first flow path out from the nozzle body. The nozzle body further includes a first opening receiving air, a second opening receiving fuel, and an air and fuel combining chamber communicating with the first and second openings and an exit for discharging a second air and fuel mixture created in the air and fuel combining chamber along a second flow path out from the nozzle body. The second flow path intersects the first flow path at an impingement point in the combustion chamber to cause impingement of the mixtures carried along the first and second flow paths to create flame stability.

Abstract: Improved gas burner apparatus and methods of burning fuel gas-air mixtures are provided whereby flue gases having low NO.sub.x contents are formed. The burner apparatus includes a refractory burner tile having an air discharge opening therein and a wall surrounding the opening which extends into the furnace space and provides a mixing zone therein. At least one passage is formed in the burner tile which opens into the mixing zone and fuel gas is jetted through the passage whereby flue gases are drawn therethrough and a fuel gas-flue gases mixture is discharged into the mixing zone. The fuel gas-flue gases mixture is swirled in the mixing zone and mixes with air therein, and the resulting mixture is discharged and burned in a primary reaction zone in the furnace space.

Abstract: Improved gas burner apparatus and methods of burning fuel gas-air mixtures are provided whereby flue gases having low NO.sub.x contents are formed. The burner apparatus includes a refractory burner tile having an air discharge opening therein and a wall surrounding the opening which extends into the furnace space and provides a mixing zone therein. At least one passage is formed in the burner tile which opens into the mixing zone and fuel gas is jetted through the passage whereby flue gases are drawn therethrough and a fuel gas-flue gases mixture is discharged into the mixing zone. The fuel gas-flue gases mixture is swirled in the mixing zone and mixes with air therein, and the resulting mixture is discharged and burned in a primary reaction zone in the furnace space.

Abstract: Improved low NO.sub.x formation gas burner apparatus and methods of burning uel are provided. The burner apparatus includes a refractory burner tile having a base portion and a wall portion, the wall portion extending into the furnace, surrounding a central area of the base portion and having exterior sides which are slanted. Means are attached to the burner tile for mixing a portion of the fuel gas with the air and discharging the resulting mixture into a primary burning zone in the furnace from within the space defined by the wall portion of the burner tile. At least one secondary fuel gas nozzle means positioned for discharging the remaining portion of the fuel gas adjacent to an external slanted side of the wall portion whereby the fuel gas mixes with flue gases and air in the furnace and burns in a secondary burning zone therein.