Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as hydroxy-carboxylic acids and hydroxy-carboxylic acid derivatives.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as hydroxy-carboxylic acids and hydroxy-carboxylic acid derivatives. A method includes treating a reduced recalcitrance lignocellulosic or cellulosic material with one or more enzymes and/or organisms (such as lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Rhizopus, Enterococcus) to produce an alpha, beta, gamma and/or delta hydroxycarboxylic acid (such as lactic acid, glycolic acid); and converting the alpha, beta, gamma and/or delta hydroxy-carboxylic acid to the product (such as esters, polymers, and copolymers).

Abstract: The invention features compounds of Formula (I), Formula (I)-A and Formula (I)-B as disclosed herein, as well as methods of synthesis, therapy, diagnostics, and assays.

Abstract: The invention features compounds of Formula (I), Formula (I)-A and Formula (I)-B as disclosed herein, as well as methods of synthesis, therapy, diagnostics, and assays.

Abstract: The invention features compounds of Formula (I), Formula (I)-A and Formula (I)-B as disclosed herein, as well as methods of synthesis, therapy, diagnostics, and assays.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as hydroxy-carboxylic acids and hydroxy-carboxylic acid derivatives. A method includes treating a reduced recalcitrance lignocellulosic or cellulosic material with one or more enzymes and/or organisms (such as lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Rhizopus, Enterococcus) to produce an alpha, beta, gamma and/or delta hydroxycarboxylic acid (such as lactic acid, glycolic acid); and converting the alpha, beta, gamma and/or delta hydroxy-carboxylic acid to the product (such as esters, polymers, and copolymers).

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. The saccharified biomass is fermented in two steps to form two separate products. The second product can be a carboxylic acid which is reacted with an alcohol to form an ester. The alcohol used for the esterification may be obtained from the biomass. The ester is hydrogenated to alcohols with catalysts.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds which have been identified as inhibitors of phosphate transport. Many of the compounds are represented by Structural Formula (I): Ar1—W—X—Y—Ar2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or an optionally substituted five membered or six membered non-aromatic heterocylic group fused to an optionally substituted monocylic aryl group. W and Y are independently a covalent bond or a C1-C3 substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group. X is a heteroatom-containing functional group, an aromatic heterocyclic group, substituted aromatic heterocyclic group, non-aromatic heterocyclic group, substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, an olefin group or a substituted olefin group. Also disclosed are methods of treating a subject with a disease associated with hyperphosphatemia, as well as a disease mediated by phosphate-transport function.