Abstract: Disclosed herein are cryoablation devices and methods of using the same, including to ablate gallbladders. In certain implementations, the device is a catheter that has an expandable cryogen balloon for expansion within a gallbladder and at least one suction opening for applying suction within the gallbladder. According to other implementations, the device has a cryogen probe and a suction catheter slidably positioned on the probe.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are cryoablation devices and methods of using the same, including to ablate gallbladders. In certain implementations, the device is a catheter that has an expandable cryogen balloon for expansion within a gallbladder and at least one suction opening for applying suction within the gallbladder. According to other implementations, the device has a cryogen probe and a suction catheter slidably positioned on the probe.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are cryoablation devices and methods of using the same, including to ablate gallbladders. In certain implementations, the device is a catheter that has an expandable cryogen balloon for expansion within a gallbladder and at least one suction opening for applying suction within the gallbladder. According to other implementations, the device has a cryogen probe and a suction catheter slidably positioned on the probe.

Abstract: A process for producing a compound of formula (I) is provided. The process comprises reacting a mixture comprising a compound of formula (IIA) and a compound of formula (IIB) with an alkyl alcohol in the presence of a Candida antarctica lipase B enzyme to produce a product comprising the compound of formula (I) and the compound of formula (IIB); wherein R1 is C1 to C6 alkyl; and wherein R2 is II or C1 to C12 alkyl. Also provided are processes for the production of R-lactic acid, oligomeric R-lactic acid, R,R-lactide, poly-R-lactic acid, alkyl S-lactate, S-lactic acid, oligomeric S-lactic acid, S,S-lactide, poly S-lactic acid and stereocomplex polylactic acid.