Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method and system for detecting potentially hazardous and/or explosive material concealed under clothing or in luggage. Through the emission, reflection, and reception of microwave radiation, a 3D image of a targeted area can be constructed. The image will show the outline of a moving person as well as any dielectric objects potentially hidden on their body. By measuring phases and amplitudes of microwaves reflected off a dielectric object, the optical path of the microwave through a hidden object can be determined, thus allowing for the creation of a 3D microwave image of a targeted area. Several emitters and receivers can be utilized at once, and video imaging can also be superimposed over the microwave image for improved detection accuracy. The invention has security and safety applications across the nation, particularly in areas of mass transit and large public events.

Abstract: A method for standoff detection and analysis of objects comprises sending a signal through an inspection area, from a transmitter to a receiver, wherein the signal travels through objects in its path. If the signal encounters an object, through which it must travel, the speed of signal distribution decreases and its amplitude drops. A processor then determines the amplitude of the signal and whether the amplitude is above a given threshold, and if the threshold is met, further determining the shift in length of the signal's optical path, determining the thickness of the object, calculating the dielectric permittivity constant, and comparing this constant to known values of different materials to determine a preselected group of materials, to which the object in the inspection area belongs, and whether the inspected object belongs to a preselected group of dangerous objects. A system for detecting and analyzing such materials is also disclosed.

Abstract: A barrier and system for the protection of a crowd from terrorists, by evaluating each individual for any concealed prohibited items. Each individual is exposed to one or more screening mechanisms, controlled by a monitoring unit, while passing in an organized fashion through an enclosed walkway containing the screening mechanism, and exiting on the other side. When a prohibited object is detected, response is provided and the smart door device is locked to detain and isolate the suspected individual in the device structure's interior. The structure of the invention is also configured to deflect the blast created by a potential explosion and prevent harm to other individuals and structures nearby.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method and system for detecting potentially hazardous and/or explosive material concealed under clothing or in luggage. Through the emission, reflection, and reception of microwave radiation, a 3D image of a targeted area can be constructed. The image will show the outline of a moving person as well as any dielectric objects potentially hidden on their body. By measuring phases and amplitudes of microwaves reflected off a dielectric object, the optical path of the microwave through a hidden object can be determined, thus allowing for the creation of a 3D microwave image of a targeted area. Several emitters and receivers can be utilized at once, and video imaging can also be superimposed over the microwave image for improved detection accuracy. The invention has security and safety applications across the nation, particularly in areas of mass transit and large public events.

Abstract: This invention addresses remote inspection of target in monitored space. A three dimensional (3D) microwave image of the space is obtained using at least two emitters. The data undergoes coherent processing to obtain maximum intensity of the objects in the area. This image is combined with a 3D video image obtained using two or more video cameras synchronized with the microwave emitters. The images are converted into digital format and transferred into one coordinate system. The distance l is determined between the microwave and the video image. If l<lo, where lo is a given threshold, the absence of a concealed dielectric object at the target is indicated. If l>lo then the presence of cavities is analyzed. If the cavity depth h is greater than the threshold value ho a concealed dielectric object at the target is ascertained: h 0 = l 0 ? ? - 1 ? ? where ? is dielectric permeability of the sought dielectric object.

Abstract: The invention relates to the remote measurement of the dielectric permittivity of dielectrics. A 3D microwave and a 3D optical range images of an interrogated scene are recorded at the same time moment. The images are digitized and overlapped. A space between the microwave and optical image is measured, and a dielectric permittivity of the space between these images is determined. If the dielectric permittivity is about 3, then hidden explosive materials or components of thereof are suspected. The invention makes it possible to remotely determine the dielectric permittivity of a moving, irregularly-shaped dielectric objects.

Abstract: This invention addresses remote inspection of target in monitored space. A three dimensional (3D) microwave image of the space is obtained using at least two emitters. The data undergoes coherent processing to obtain maximum intensity of the objects in the area. This image is combined with a 3D video image obtained using two or more video cameras synchronized with the microwave emitters. The images are converted into digital format and transferred into one coordinate system. The distance l is determined between the microwave and the video image. If l<lo, where lo is a given threshold, the absence of a concealed dielectric object at the target is indicated. If l>lo then the presence of cavities is analyzed. If the cavity depth h is greater than the threshold value ho a concealed dielectric object at the target is ascertained: h 0 = l 0 ? ? - 1 ? ? where ? is dielectric permeability of the sought dielectric object.

Abstract: The invention belongs to the field of electro technique, particularly to the remote determination of dielectric permeability of dielectric objects. The dielectric object at the background of a reflector is radiated by coherent microwave radiation at N-frequencies to produce a three-dimensional (3D) microwave image of the object and reflector. By utilizing multiple cameras a 3D video image is produced, which then is converted into digital format. The 3D video and 3D microwave images are synchronized and then transferred into a general system of coordinates. The dielectric permeability of the object is determined as follows: ? = ( z 2 - z 3 z 1 - z 3 ) 2 . where distances Z1 and Z2 are between the source of microwave radiation and the reflector, with and without the dielectric object, respectively, and distance Z3 is between the microwave source and the video image of the dielectric object.

Abstract: This invention addresses remote inspection of target in monitored space. A three dimensional (3D) microwave image of the space is obtained using at least two emitters. The data undergoes coherent processing to obtain maximum intensity of the objects in the area. This image is combined with a 3D video image obtained using two or more video cameras synchronized with the microwave emitters. The images are converted into digital format and transferred into one coordinate system. The distance l is determined between the microwave and the video image. If l<lo, where lo is a given threshold, the absence of a concealed dielectric object at the target is indicated. If l>lo then the presence of cavities is analyzed. If the cavity depth h is greater than the threshold value ho a concealed dielectric object at the target is ascertained: h 0 = l 0 ? ? - 1 ? ? where ? is dielectric permeability of the sought dielectric object.

Abstract: This invention addresses remote inspection of target in monitored space. A three dimensional (3D) microwave image of the space is obtained using at least two emitters. The data undergoes coherent processing to obtain maximum intensity of the objects in the area. This image is combined with a 3D video image obtained using two or more video cameras synchronized with the microwave emitters. The images are converted into digital format and transferred into one coordinate system. The distance l is determined between the microwave and the video image. If l<lo, where lo is a given threshold, the absence of a concealed dielectric object at the target is indicated. If l>lo then the presence of cavities is analyzed. If the cavity depth h is greater than the threshold value ho concealed dielectric object at the target is ascertained: h 0 = l 0 ? ? - 1 ? ? where ? is dielectric permeability of the sought dielectric object.

Abstract: Fluorine generation systems are provided that can include, in exemplary embodiments, a reactor configured to decompose a fluorine-comprising material. The reactor can include a plurality of chambers with at least one of the chambers being configured to receive the fluorine-comprising material. The chamber includes sidewalls with the exterior of the sidewalls being at least partially encompassed by heating elements. The system can also include a fluorine reservoir coupled to the reactor with the reservoir configured to receive fluorine upon the decomposition of the fluorine-comprising materials. Fluorine-generation processes are provided that can include, in exemplary embodiments, decomposing pellets of a fluorine-comprising material with the pellets having an average size of from about 1.0 mm to about 3.0 mm. Processes can also include decomposing a composition comprising manganese-fluoride.