Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of measuring and to electrochemical measurement, and more particularly to a reference electrode and to an arrangement for an electrochemical measurement. A reference electrode (13) for an electrochemical measurement according to the present invention comprises an inner reference element (14), which inner reference element (14) has been embedded into a solid electrochemically active composite material (15). An arrangement (16) for an electrochemical measurement comprises an inner reference element (17) and at least one indicator electrode (19), (20), which inner reference element (17) and the at least one indicator electrode (19), (20) have been embedded into a solid electrochemically active composite material (18). The solution according to the present invention may be utilized in any kind of electrochemical measurement in the fields of e.g. clinical analysis, environmental analysis and industrial analysis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of measuring and to electrochemical measurement, and more particularly to a reference electrode and to an arrangement for an electrochemical measurement. A reference electrode (13) for an electrochemical measurement according to the present invention comprises an inner reference element (14), which inner reference element (14) has been embedded into a solid electrochemically active composite material (15). An arrangement (16) for an electrochemical measurement comprises an inner reference element (17) and at least one indicator electrode (19), (20), which inner reference element (17) and the at least one indicator electrode (19), (20) have been embedded into a solid electrochemically active composite material (18). The solution according to the present invention may be utilized in any kind of electrochemical measurement in the fields of e.g. clinical analysis, environmental analysis and industrial analysis.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ion-selective electrode and to a procedure for producing the electrode. The electrode is a single-piece all-solid-state electrode comprising a conducting or semiconducting solid substrate (6) coated with a composite membrane (4). The electrode is produced by dissolving a conjugated polymer or oligomer together with the components of a conventional ion-selective membrane to produce a solution, applying this solution to an electronically conducting or semiconducting substrate and allowing the solvent to evaporate, with the result that a composite membrane is formed on the substrate.

Abstract: A procedure and an apparatus to determine the concentration of dissolved ammonia. A polypyrrole electrode (2), a reference electrode (1) and an auxiliary electrode (5) are placed in the liquid to be analyzed and the concentration of ammonia dissolved in the liquid is determined by a potential applied between the polypyrrole electrode (2) and the reference electrode (1) and of the current flowing between the polypyrrole electrode (2) and the auxiliary electrode (5). A polypyrrole layer (4) is formed on a platinum substrate (3).

Abstract: An electrochemical method for determining the total carbonate content of fluids, especially biological fluids. According to the invention, using an ion-selective electrode, the concentration of certain ions dissociable from carbon acid or affecting the dissociation balance is first measured for the fluid. The fluid is then mixed with another fluid containing a reactive component that changes the ionic concentration just measured, whereupon the concentration is again measured by means of an ion-selective electrode, thus producing two different measurement results, from which the total carbonate content can be determined. The measurement preferably relates to the pH of the fluid, while metallic ions such as Cu.sup.2+, forming a complex with hydrocarbonate ions, are used as the component to be added to alter the pH.