Abstract: A modular surrogate can include: a body having an external body surface with an anatomical shape, wherein the body includes an internal chamber with at least one port formed in the body extending inwardly; at least one anatomical module having an external module portion and a module stem coupled thereto, the module stem being received into a corresponding module port of the at least one port, the external module portion having an external module surface with an anatomical shape, the external body surface matches with the external module surface to provide a continuous anatomical shape; at least one sensor located in the at least one anatomical module; and at least one controller, wherein when the at least one anatomical module is coupled with the body, the at least one sensor is capable of being operably coupled with the at least one controller.

Abstract: A passive non-linear earplug can include: a tapered body having a channel extending from a wider distal end to a narrower proximal end, the tapered body having shape memory and size adapted for being received into an ear canal of a human subject; and a disk attached to the wider distal end of the tapered body, the disk having one or more holes aligned with the channel. A structural tube can be located in the channel. A handle can be attached to the tapered body and/or disk. An annular member can be coupled to the disk opposite of the tapered body, the annular member having an aperture that at least partially aligns with the channel. A tube member can be coupled to the disk opposite of the tapered body. The earplug can attenuate loud sounds while allowing normal sounds to be heard, which provides for the non-linearity.

Abstract: A method of calculating blast injury metrics in a weapon training/IED blast scene can include: reconstructing topological layout of the scene having at least one real subject and a blast source; obtaining anthropometric and posture data for each real subject; obtaining anatomical soldier model for each real subject; identifying real position of at least one real pressure sensor on each soldier during a blast; positioning a virtual sensor on each anatomical soldier model to correspond with real pressure sensor on the real subject; calculating weapon signature of the blast source, the weapon signature including pressure versus time for a blast from the blast source; generating simulated pressure traces on each anatomical soldier model at east virtual pressure sensor; calculating blast injury metrics for the at least one real subject; and generating a report that includes the blast injury metrics for the at least one real subject.

Abstract: A modular surrogate can include: a body having an external body surface with an anatomical shape, wherein the body includes an internal chamber with at least one port formed in the body extending inwardly; at least one anatomical module having an external module portion and a module stem coupled thereto, the module stem being received into a corresponding module port of the at least one port, the external module portion having an external module surface with an anatomical shape, the external body surface matches with the external module surface to provide a continuous anatomical shape; at least one sensor located in the at least one anatomical module; and at least one controller, wherein when the at least one anatomical module is coupled with the body, the at least one sensor is capable of being operably coupled with the at least one controller.

Abstract: A system for reconstruction of an explosion blast loading on a subject can include at least two pressure sensors and a computing system configured to: receive sensor data from the at least two pressure sensors, the sensor data being generated in response to an explosion blast wave; compute an explosion location and explosive charge mass of an explosive that caused the explosion blast wave based on the sensor data; and compute explosion blast loading on a subject from the explosion location and explosive charge mass. The pressure sensors can be configured as wearable pressure sensors or on equipment. The computing of the explosion location and explosive charge mass includes processing the sensor data through an inverse problem solver (IPS); and/or the computing of the explosion blast loading on the subject includes simulating the explosion blast wave with a forward problem solver (FPS).

Abstract: A system for reconstruction of an explosion blast loading on a subject can include at least two pressure sensors and a computing system configured to: receive sensor data from the at least two pressure sensors, the sensor data being generated in response to an explosion blast wave; compute an explosion location and explosive charge mass of an explosive that caused the explosion blast wave based on the sensor data; and compute explosion blast loading on a subject from the explosion location and explosive charge mass. The pressure sensors can be configured as wearable pressure sensors or on equipment. The computing of the explosion location and explosive charge mass includes processing the sensor data through an inverse problem solver (IPS); and/or the computing of the explosion blast loading on the subject includes simulating the explosion blast wave with a forward problem solver (FPS).

Abstract: A method of calculating blast injury metrics in a weapon training/IED blast scene can include: reconstructing topological layout of the scene having at least one real subject and a blast source; obtaining anthropometric and posture data for each real subject; obtaining anatomical soldier model for each real subject; identifying real position of at least one real pressure sensor on each soldier during a blast; positioning a virtual sensor on each anatomical soldier model to correspond with real pressure sensor on the real subject; calculating weapon signature of the blast source, the weapon signature including pressure versus time for a blast from the blast source; generating simulated pressure traces on each anatomical soldier model at east virtual pressure sensor; calculating blast injury metrics for the at least one real subject; and generating a report that includes the blast injury metrics for the at least one real subject.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are media for culture of cells, tissues, and/or organs. The media formulations disclosed herein can be used to support growth, viability, and/or function of one or more than one cell type, tissue, or organ. In some embodiments, one or more cell types, tissues, organ devices, and/or organs are contacted with a disclosed culture medium under conditions sufficient to support growth, viability, and/or function of the cell types, tissues, and/or organs. The disclosed media can be used in methods of culturing multiple cell types, and in some examples, is used in a platform device including one or more organ devices, for example, by circulating the medium through the one or more organ devices in the platform.

Abstract: A passive non-linear earplug can include: a tapered body having a channel extending from a wider distal end to a narrower proximal end, the tapered body having shape memory and size adapted for being received into an ear canal of a human subject; and a disk attached to the wider distal end of the tapered body, the disk having one or more holes aligned with the channel. A structural tube can be located in the channel. A handle can be attached to the tapered body and/or disk. An annular member can be coupled to the disk opposite of the tapered body, the annular member having an aperture that at least partially aligns with the channel. A tube member can be coupled to the disk opposite of the tapered body. The earplug can attenuate loud sounds while allowing normal sounds to be heard, which provides for the non-linearity.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are media for culture of cells, tissues, and/or organs. The media formulations disclosed herein can be used to support growth, viability, and/or function of one or more than one cell type, tissue, or organ. In some embodiments, one or more cell types, tissues, organ devices, and/or organs are contacted with a disclosed culture medium under conditions sufficient to support growth, viability, and/or function of the cell types, tissues, and/or organs. The disclosed media can be used in methods of culturing multiple cell types, and in some examples, is used in a platform device including one or more organ devices, for example, by circulating the medium through the one or more organ devices in the platform.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for nasal drug delivery comprises a first tube in fluid communication with a means for generating a negative pressure and a second tube in fluid communication with an aerosol. The first tube is contacted with one nostril, the said second tube is contacted with the other nostril, and a negative pressure is applied to the first tube, producing a negative pressure within a nasal cavity and causing the aerosol to be drawn into the nasal passages and to deposit on an internal nasal surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for nasal drug delivery comprises a first tube in fluid communication with a means for generating a negative pressure and a second tube in fluid communication with an aerosol. The first tube is contacted with one nostril, the said second tube is contacted with the other nostril, and a negative pressure is applied to the first tube, producing a negative pressure within a nasal cavity and causing the aerosol to be drawn into the nasal passages and to deposit on an internal nasal surface.

Abstract: A spacer for delivering a medication spray from an inhaler includes a first conical body joined to a second conical body, forming a continuous spray conduit through first and second internal chambers of the respective first and second conical bodies. A mouthpiece is formed in the proximal end of the first conical body. A spray inlet for attachment to the inhaler is formed at the distal end of the second conical body. A plurality of air inlets are placed downstream of the medication inlet proximate to, or in, the large diameter distal end surface of the first conical body. Recirculation zones are created in the first and second chambers, to force the medication spray into a central airflow path through the spray conduit, minimizing particle deposition by contract with the walls of the spacer.

Abstract: A spacer for delivering a medication spray from a metered dose inhaler includes a first conical body joined to a second conical body, forming a continuous spray conduit through first and second internal chambers of the respective first and second conical bodies. A mouthpiece is formed in the small diameter (proximal) end of the first conical body. A spray inlet for attachment to an MDI or similar device is formed at the large diameter (distal) end of the second conical body. A plurality of air inlets are placed downstream of the medication inlet proximate to, or in, the large diameter distal end surface of the first conical body. During use, high-pressure recirculation zones are created in the first and second chambers, near the spray inlet and the air inlets, and an air jacket is created along the inner surface of the wall of the first conical body.