Abstract: Core shell particles and bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using the core shell particles are described. In particular, core shell particles having a core particle and a shell of a second material and bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using the core-shell particles are described. The core-shell particles can have a core particle with an electron donating material or a core particle with an electron donating material. Formation of a hulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic device using such an core-shell particles forming an interpenetrating network with the an electron donating or electron accepting phase is also described.

Abstract: Core shell particles and bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using the core shell particles are described. In particular, core shell particles having a core particle and a shell of a second material and bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using the core-shell particles are described. The core-shell particles can have a core particle with an electron donating material or a core particle with an electron donating material. Formation of a hulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic device using such an core-shell particles forming an interpenetrating network with the an electron donating or electron accepting phase is also described.

Abstract: Purification methods for fullerene derivatives are described. The method comprises passing a solution of fullerene derivatives containing impurities such as other fullerene derivatives and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through activated charcoals. Fullerene derivatives with high purity were obtained.