Abstract: According to the invention, under glancing incidence a first radiation (6) in the infrared range and which is linearly polarized is supplied to a target (2) made from a non-electrically insulating material and simultaneously to said target is supplied under a non-glancing incidence a second radiation (8) in the visible or ultraviolet range, in such a way that a same zone of the target is reached by the first and second radiations, the polarizing plane of the first radiation also being such that it contains a perpendicular to said zone, which then produces electrons.Application to the production of free electron lasers.

Abstract: The process produces pharmaceutical, cosmetic or diagnostic formulations by the freeze drying of one or more substances in solution or in suspension in a solvent or a mixture of solvents. The solution or suspension is locally and progressively cooled in a controlled manner while agitating so as to produce microcrystals of solvent which are put in suspension in the remainder of the liquid until there is obtained a high-viscosity microcrystalline complex system comprising essentially isolated microcrystals of solvent in intimate mixture with interstitial liquid phases having a high concentration of the initially present substances. The microcrystalline complex system is hardened by cooling and lyophilized. This process permits the obtainment of lyophilized formulations having a higher dissolving or dispersing rate and lyophilized compositions of normally incompatible substances.