Abstract: Devices and methods of analyte detection using AC electrokinetic/electrohydrodynamic forces combined with an OECT-based immunosensor are disclosed. An analyte binding agent, for example, a nanobody-functionalized organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is incorporated with the micro-stirring effect of alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET) for the ultrarapid detection of single-molecule-to-nanomolar levels of the analyte. The ACET flow is induced by a biased AC electrical field can rapidly convect the analyte onto concentric gate electrodes within a minute, and the analyte is captured via recognition units that bind the analyte binding agent while sweeping nonspecific ally bound analyte away from the surface.

Abstract: Organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based immunosensors, methods of making and methods of use thereof are provided herein. The immunosensor includes an OECT and a biorecognition layer. The biorecognition layer is preferably integrated on the gate electrode of the OECT. The biorecognition layer includes a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of organic molecules, a linker, and a biorecognition element preferably, a nanobody. In a preferred embodiment, the organic molecules forming the SAM include thiols. The disclosed methods can be used to make OECT devices containing a nanobody whose binding partner is any analyte of interest, such as SARS-2 RBD, S1 or the virus itself.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting one or more target molecules includes a hydrophobic substrate, and a sensor. The sensor includes two or more electrodes disposed on the hydrophobic substrate and separated from one another by a gap, a plurality of nanostructures formed on or within an upper surface of each electrode, a plurality of binding molecules attached to the plurality of nanostructures, wherein the plurality of binding molecules are configured to bind with the one or more target molecules, and wherein the upper surface of each electrode and the plurality of nanostructures are hydrophilic, and may further detect two or more analytes with two or more sensors that detect two or more different modalities, such as, electrical, optical fluorescence, optical resonance, magnetic detection, or acoustic waves.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting one or more target molecules includes a hydrophobic substrate, and a sensor. The sensor includes two or more electrodes disposed on the hydrophobic substrate and separated from one another by a gap, a plurality of nanostructures formed on or within an upper surface of each electrode, a plurality of binding molecules attached to the plurality of nanostructures, wherein the plurality of binding molecules are configured to bind with the one or more target molecules, and wherein the upper surface of each electrode and the plurality of nanostructures are hydrophilic, and may further detect two or more analytes with two or more sensors that detect two or more different modalities, such as, electrical, optical fluorescence, optical resonance, magnetic detection, or acoustic waves.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting one or more target molecules includes a hydrophobic substrate, and a sensor. The sensor includes two or more electrodes disposed on the hydrophobic substrate and separated from one another by a gap, a plurality of nanostructures formed on or within an upper surface of each electrode, a plurality of binding molecules attached to the plurality of nanostructures, wherein the plurality of binding molecules are configured to bind with the one or more target molecules, and wherein the upper surface of each electrode and the plurality of nanostructures are hydrophilic, and may further detect two or more analytes with two or more sensors that detect two or more different modalities, such as, electrical, optical fluorescence, optical resonance, magnetic detection, or acoustic waves.