Abstract: Systems and methods to assess insulin resistance are described. Further, compounds and methods for treatment of insulin resistance or hyperglycemia are described. In some instances, immunoglobins of an individual are utilized in an insulin-stimulated mitochondrial function assay, which can be utilized to determine insulin resistance. In some instances, glycosylation, including sialylation, of immunoglobins of an individual are assessed, which can be utilized to assess insulin resistance. In some instances, immunoglobins, such as immunoglobin G, are utilized as a treatment for insulin resistance or hyperglycemia.

Abstract: Methods, chips and systems are provided for the ex vivo delivery of payloads into cells using an aptamer-based approach. Methods are provided for delivering a payload to a cell comprising providing a nanoneedle and a polynucleotide, wherein a first end of the polynucleotide comprises an aptamer capable of binding a molecule endogenous to a cell, wherein the first end of the polynucleotide is conjugated to the nanoneedle, and wherein a second end of the polynucleotide comprises an oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing with a payload; contacting the payload with the polynucleotide, wherein the payload contains a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the oligonucleotide sequence; and inserting the nanoneedle into a cell, wherein upon insertion of the nanoneedle into the cell the payload is released from the polynucleotide.