Abstract: Microsupercapacitors (MSCs), as well as methods of fabricating the same and methods of using the same, are provided. An MSC can include interdigitated microelectrodes having reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (e.g., vertically aligned nanosheets thereof) disposed on upper surfaces of the microelectrodes. The MSC can be fabricated by preparing a micro-current collector (MCC) comprising the interdigitated microelectrodes using photolithography and then performing a bipolar electrochemistry process on the MCC to deposit rGO on the upper surfaces of the interdigitated microelectrodes (e.g., in a single-step in situ exfoliation, reduction, and deposition).

Abstract: Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) concepts are used to provide a single-step and controllable process for simultaneously exfoliating a graphite source and depositing both graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide layers on conductive substrates. A bipolar electrochemical cell can be used for a three-in-one deposition and can include two wired pieces of graphite to monitor the amount of current that passes through the bipolar electrode.

Abstract: A method of impedance measurement of a device under test (DUT) is disclosed based on a random excitation signal, the method comprising the steps of generating the random excitation signal, applying the generated random excitation signal to the DUT through two points of a data acquisition board (DAQ) and re-structuring the converted random excitation signal through a plurality of iterative calibration loops, wherein spectral phase of the random excitation signal is derived from a discrete uniform distribution and its time domain amplitude is controllable. The random excitation signal is a structured Gaussian White Noise (GWN) signal or sequence, which is generated based on the user-defined input parameters such as white noise power level, frequency range between the minimum and maximum frequencies (Fmin and Fmax), and frequency step (Fstep).

Abstract: Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) concepts are used to provide a single-step and controllable process for simultaneously exfoliating a graphite source and depositing both graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide layers on conductive substrates. A bipolar electrochemical cell can be used for a three-in-one deposition and can include two wired pieces of graphite to monitor the amount of current that passes through the bipolar electrode.

Abstract: Single-step, inexpensive, scalable, and eco-friendly methods and systems for exfoliation and deposition of 2D reduced phosphorene nanosheets are provided, as well as deposited phosphorene nanosheets with high specific capacitance. The exfoliation and deposition can be in situ and can include exfoliation from bulk black phosphorus (BP) into a solvent and deposition onto a negative feeding electrode. The positive feeding electrode can be a noble metal, such as a platinum wire.

Abstract: There is provided an atmospheric pressure air microplasma system designed for random bit generation including a plurality of plasma electrodes, a power supply module supplying a DC voltage for igniting an arc discharge between the plurality of plasma electrodes, wherein the ignited arc discharge results in establishing and sustaining an arc current channel between the plurality of plasma electrodes, a current probe for measuring and collecting electric current time series data from the arc current channel, and a data acquisition board connected to the current probe for saving the collected electric current time series data, wherein binary sequences are generated from the electric current time series data. Further, the generated binary sequences are proven to pass all 15 tests of NIST Statistical Test Suite and thereby prove to qualify as random sequences.